Marxism and the French Revolution - 1552 Words

Marxism is a clear-cut view of the French revolution. It gives a central role to the Bourgeoisie for being the main inspirators for its cause. This is due to the fact that it was widely believed to be them who stood to gain the most. Lefebvre was the main and most revered of all Marxist historians. His belief is that the year 1789 was the one in which the Bourgeoisie took power. They had been waiting for centuries in order to do this, according to Lefebvre, and when they had finally reached sufficient numbers and wealth they took the initiative. They owed most of their success to a shift of what was considered important in society. In medieval society, the landed Aristocracy had dominated. They owed much of their success and wealth to the land. This is not the case in the eighteenth century when the impetus changed and economic power, personal abilities and confidence became more desirable than land.1Although the Bourgeoisie was growing in vast numbers, the Nobility had one thing ove r on them, Social Status. This leads on to the main crux of the Marxist argument, that there was a class struggle between the Nobles and the Bourgeois. The Nobility were being left far behind and the Bourgeois were steaming ahead, getting wealthier and more powerful by the day. The Bourgeois were growing richer through Commerce and Industry. Ships left for the Levant, Africa, and the Caribbean in droves. Coal and Iron production was going full steam ahead, along with cloth-making and WesternShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Power Between Conservatism And Marxism1311 Words   |  6 Pages This essay will compare and contrast the concept of power between Conservatism and Marxism. Marxism and Conservatism are two ideologies at the opposite ends of the political spectrum, respectively being left-wing and right-wing. The two contrasting ideologies give a good insight to the main aims of the ruling individual and/or political parties and their effects on social structure in the states that adopt them. All political ideologies are about power. It is about the people who have power andRead MoreConflict Theory Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagestheory plays an important role when it comes to sociological studies, since it proves that sociology also has focus on phenomena of power and conflict. Since conflict theory is mainly about class struggle, one important type of conflict theory is the Marxism Conflict theory. As stated before, this theory has led to many important authors like Karl Marx to create their own version of conflict theory. Karl Marx was a German Philosopher whose works are mainly reflected from his social economic theoriesRead MoreMarxism and the Negro Problem by W.E.B. Du Bois Essay example632 Words   |  3 PagesMohammad Abdullah Africa American History II Prà ©cis – Chapter 21 Marxism and the Negro Problem by W.E.B. Du Bois In this essay, W.E.B. Du Bois attempts to analyze Marxism and how it might be interpreted and applied as a solution to the problems facing Black people in the United States. Marxism, is basically an economic theory and philosophy that was put forward by Karl Marx in the late 19th century that explains the mechanisms of the system of capitalism as it relates to the different classesRead MoreThe Importance Of The French Revolution777 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution was certainly one of the most important events in Europe’s political history and highlighted the importance of the new age of Enlightenment. The outcomes of the Revolution were many: its short comings led to the rise of the Napoleonic Regime and Robespierre’s reign through terror led other European revolutionaries to step back in fear. However, whilst the revolution failed to achieve all it had aimed to do; it did overthrow its monarchy, creating the first true European RepublicRead MoreMarxism-Leni nism in Vietnam Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesMarxism-Leninism in Vietnam In the region of Vietnam there had been many uprisings. All of these uprisings were for one reason, freedom. The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 years: self rule. In 1950 the United States, owing a debt of gratitude towards France, sent several advisors to aid French control in Vietnam. Over the next decade and a half, the United States would send an entire Army and Navy to aid the French in maintainingRead MoreKarl Marx And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe state owns the means of production and the society would be classless. Although Marx did not believe in religion, parts of his theory can compare to certain ideas in the Bible. However, the eventual Communism that Marxism led to does not agree with God’s word. Influences of Marxism Karl Marx was born into a Jewish family in Trier, Germany in the year 1818. When Marx was a child, his family moved to a town that was predominately Lutheran. Marx’s father Heinrich Marx, formally known as HerschelRead MoreThe Main Factors Of The Communist Manifesto1680 Words   |  7 Pages The conditions that Karl Marx deems necessary for a communist revolution have not manifested themselves in the present day, presenting challenges for communist ideology. As our society has gradually been regressing further away from these prerequisite conditions, a number of new factors have become present that challenge the relevance of the Communist Manifesto. The first of these factors to be addressed is globalization in the modern world. Ever since the age of imperialism, globalization has servedRead MoreCultural Revolution And Its Effect On The World Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesStudents in Cultural Revolution in 1960s China In 1960s, the wave of revolution spread all over the world, as well in China. It is said that China was experiencing an energetic and fanatical revolution from 1966 to 1976 called â€Å"Culture Revolution† which was directed against some specific fields of Culture such as foreign capitalism literature and traditional customs. The purpose of the President Mao is to consolidate the regime and clean the opponents. But how could the people believe himRead MoreSociological Theories And Concepts Of Functionalism And Stratification1518 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the study which seeks to understand society, social life and to understand ourselves, humans, as part of that social world [Giddens, A, 2006, p.2]. The term ‘sociology’ was developed by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1838. Comte believed that scientific facts are able to explain the social world. Sociologists, such as Comte, study issues including: education, inequality and religion. Comte believed that sociologists play crucial roles in guiding society. In the 18th centuryRead MoreMarx s Theory On Class Conflict And Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesSince the french and industrial revolution in 18 century, the world had come to a new era: capitalist society. Capitalism represents a big step forward in human productive abilities compared with previous forms of society. Along with the social development, there was a new group of people who was called the sociologist who analyze and try to understand how this society works. Marx was one of them and his ideas were influential. His theory mostly emphasis on class conflict and the society from economic

Analytic Paper. A Moment Of Silence A Silent Period Taken

Analytic Paper A moment of silence: a silent period taken for contemplation, prayer, or reflections. This phrase is often used as a gesture of respect when mourning the loss of someone. For most people this ritual is seldomly used. However, this phrase is all too familiar to the students of Harper High School located in Chicago, Illinois. Teens in this area are exposed to a life of gangs, violence, and murders. The social location of these students is immensely different for most high school students making their norms look like mores compared to most of society. In 2012, 29 current and recent students of this high school were shot, which is unimaginable for a large majority of the American population. A two part podcast created by, This†¦show more content†¦Principal Sanders calls the seniors, her babies. She uses this term frequently throughout the podcast. This could be seen as a folkway, principals do not typically call their students their â€Å"babies†. However, the students love it. It makes them feel loved and that she is like a mother figure to them. An article titled, â€Å"Symbolic Interactions and the Development of Women Leaders in Higher Education†, written by Andrea Gallent, Gallent comes to the conclusion that for a woman to be a good leader in education, she needs to unitize soft skills (Gallent 2014: 213). These soft skills include nurturing, communicators, and relationship focused. This is why principal Sanders is such an inspiring leader at Harper High School. She uses the soft skills to instill trust within the student body. She and the faulty strategically uses language like this to create a loving and safe environment, something that these students often do not experience. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that language determines our consciousness (Henslin 2016:46). In other words, language shapes one’s reality. Crystal Smith is a dearly loved counselor who works in the Social Work Office. She is known for spreading words of encouragement. She is constantly telling her students, â€Å"I m so proud of you. I see you trying hard† and â€Å"Let me appreciate you in advance†(Glass, Ira. 2013). This is such a powerful statement that she uses. She is telling her students that she knows theirShow MoreRelatedRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pageslandscape photography. The second (Fig. 2) is a lithographic copy of the first, produced for the publication of Clarence Kings Systematic Geology in 1878. Twentieth-century sensibility welcomes the original OSullivan as a model of the mysterious, silent beauty to which landscape photography had access during the early decades of the medium. In the photograph, three bulky masses of rock are seen as if deployed on a kind of abstract, transparent chessboard, marking by their separate positions a retreatingRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagescondition on an y acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335–4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–928336–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ Michael Bromwich is an exemplar of all that is good about the BritishRead MoreAgency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pagesleast half their membership comprised of inside and affiliated members; that percentage is now 17.3% (National Association of Corporate Directors, 2005). Lastly, many of these inside and affiliated board members have not been replaced; over a similar period, the total number of directors on the average board has decreased from 13.3 to 10.7 (Spencer Stuart, 2005a). * As noted, many observers would suggest that these changes toward board independence through the reduction in inside and affiliated directorsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProcessing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information Overload 353 †¢ Emotions 353 †¢ Language 354 †¢ Silence 354 †¢ Communication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 †¢ Cultural Context 357 †¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Implications for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Am I a GossipRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessociology. I. Duberley, Joanne. II. Johnson, Phil, 1955III. Title. HM786.M33 2007 302.3’5—dc22 2006022347 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12.5 pt sabon by 72 Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. . Brief Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? ModernistRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages† â€Å"How can I invigorate those who feel outdated and left behind?† â€Å"How do I help the ‘survivors’ of a downsizing pick up the pieces and move on?† â€Å"How do I help people with very different agendas and philosophies work together, especially during periods of high stress and uncertainty?† Anyone tempted to dismissively argue that the answers to these questions are â€Å"common sense† would do well to recall Will Rogers’ pithy observation: â€Å"Common sense ain t common.† In addition, the research reported inRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagescan transform your firm’s document processes to create revenue while driving up productivity. Result? Improved top and bottom lines. There’s a new way to look at it. Organizations waste millions on managing the flow of documents from digital to paper and back again. Xerox Global Services professionals create efficiencies by streamlining those processes, upgrading document technologies and finding better ways for people and their resources to work together. For example, our document assessmentsRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 PagesCreative ability in business. 2. Technological innovations. 3. Entrepreneurship. I. Gregersen, Hal B., 1958– II. Christensen, Clayton M. III. Title. HD53.D94 2011 658.4 063—dc22 2011008440 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives Z39.48-1992. 100092 00 i-vi r1 rr.qxp 5/13/11 6:52 PM Page v Contents Introduction 1 Part One Disruptive Innovation

Professional Development of Nurses-Free-Samples for Students

Question: How the integration of subjective and objective signs and Symptoms and Medications impact on the Care provided to the Patient. Answer: Introduction Critical reflection pertaining to nursing practice is a systematic and logical process of thinking and reflecting on own practice in order to highlight the aspects of own practice requiring further development. Research has indicated critical reflection as a professional practice skill that aids in the professional development of nurses. Critical reflection skills hold much value in the nursing field since they help in prioritizing major decisions and achieving better patient outcomes. Further, it can be referred to as an extension of critical thinking through which helps the nurse to solve queries by probing questions. In addition, it moves beyond examining the past experiences and focuses on applying the gained knowledge in the future (Mill et al. 2016). The present paper is a critical reflection written on the basis of a nursing patient care case study that aims to demonstrate critical ability. The paper focuses on four major aspects of nursing care for demonstrating critical reflection. First, it discusses how the integration of subjective and objective signs and symptoms and medications impact on the care provided to the patient. Secondly, it identifies the elements of care that are required due to the events in the simulation scenario. Further, it highlights the role of inter professional collaboration in this case study, lastly, it discusses the particular psychosocial issues arising in the case. The case study selected, from Case World, for the present critical reflection focuses on the patient named Adam Knight, a 20-year-old man who has suffered acquired brain injury after a car accident. The patient has deficits related to mobility, memory loss and the ability to engage in a social interaction with the peers. He is in need o f an effective community based long term support services as he is suffering from isolation. The focus of the case study analysis is acute pain and management strategies for the same would be highlighted in the paper (School of Nursing Midwifery 2014). Discussion How integration of objective and subjective signs and symptoms and medications impact care According to Morton et al. (2017), nursing care delivery is influenced to a significant extent by the integration of objective and subjective signs and symptoms and medications provided. From the case study and simulation, it has been found that Adam has undergone an acute injury in his head and fractures as a result of the accident and is awaiting CT scan. He is found to be in a drowsy state though the ICP is normal. As highlighted by Wintermark et al. (2015) a head injury is suffered by a patient due to trauma to the skull, brain or scalp. Such injuries might be either penetrating, in which the bone or skin can be broken, or closed, in which there is no cut to the skin. Head injuries lead to different symptoms whose cause is dependent upon the impact of the injury. Such symptoms might be developing immediately after the trauma or gradually afterwards. Head injuries are treated depending upon the type of injury suffered by the patient. The condition of the patient also influences the type of treatment that is to be decided on. It is crucial that an appropriate diagnosis tool is used for assessing the severity of he injury suffered to the head. From the widely used examination tools available for neurologic and physical testing, the commonly used test is CT scan. Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the head utilises special X-ray equipment for producing multiple images of the brain nd the head. This is done for detection of any brain swelling, bleeding, brain injury or skull fractures (Levin and Diaz-Arrastia 2015). The authors point out that CT scans are valuable under conditions when the patient is found to have loss of consciousness. In the present case, Adam has been found to be in a drowsy state. Following a head injury, there might be a damage suffered to the blood vessels besides the brain or to the brain itself. In case a blood vessel is damaged, there are high chances that blood is supplied into the brain. The most common feature of such a condition is drowsiness. The patient has undergone surgery to remove the left subdural haematoma and for repairing the right fractured tibia and fibula. The patient has been in much pain after he has regained consciousness and subsequently an increased dose of 4/24 analgesia has been ordered. Analgesia is used for relieving patients from pain. Pain management forms an integral element of patient care with the prime objective of the care plan to reduce pain level. The rationale for this is the fact that effective pain management ensures that associated patient complications are also handled in an effective manner (Song et al. 2015). The patient is also found to have right hemiparesis (School of Nursing Midwifery 2014). Hemiparesis is the condition wherein the patient has weakness on one particular side of the body due to medical complications such as trauma or injury as he has suffered vehicle injury. This condition needs to be looked into by the nurse for preventing further impairment to the body part (Mark and Taub 2017). Elements of care due to events of simulation scenario The nursing practice elements that would be considered for the reflection paper are acute adult injuries, acute pain and medication reaction. The patient has suffered acute injuries to his head. As highlighted by Morton et al. (2017) acute injuries to the head leads to frequent death or disability at large. Acute pain management is an essential component of nursing care services. Pain is a complex, subjective, and multidimensional concept which is referred to as a highly unpleasant experience (Lehne and Rosenthal 2014). Analgesia is commonly administered to the patients for relieving them from the pain, suffering and alleviating them form adverse psychological and physiological issues. In the present case, Adam has been having altered levels of consciousness, and thus acute pain management is imperative. From the case study, it is found that Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC) had dropped as per the handover and his RR is 8. The medication had been changed from subcutaneous morphine to fentanyl 500 mircograms/mizadolam 50 mgs in a 50 mls syringe infusion. Subcutaneous morphineinjections are more acceptable and comfortable as compared to intramuscular ones. Boluses of subcutaneous morphine are often more effective for acute severe pain than commencing an infusion. In addition, he had been administered Naloxone. In the present case, the GCS had dropped, indicating that the patient had been suffering from severe head injuries. As pointed out by Adams and Urban (2015) fentanyl is an excellent analgesic that acts as a local anaesthesia and has been proved to give better patient outcomes as compared to morphine. It is for patients who are tolerant to opioids. Naloxone is a drug used for reversing or blocking the actions of opioid medications that include loss of consciousness, slowed breathing and drowsiness. This medication was, therefore, suitable for Adam as he had been suffering from all these three symptoms. The low readings in RR are due to injuries in the lungs shortly after the injury to the brain and subsequent damage. The mechanisms include inflammation, pulmonary oedema and autonomic system dysfunction (Lehne and Rosenthal 2014). Role of inter professional collaboration The role of a multidimensional team is extremely important in such a scenario as Adam requires more than one type of treatment. Here, the diagnosis and treatment suggestion of the doctor as well as the therapeutic treatment of the nurses will not provide him with enough chance to get back into the normal life because of the different effects the brain injury had on the different aspects of his life. Besides, he also had surgery in his tibia and fibula which had also affected in his mobility. Moreover, the brain injury had resulted in his memory loss incidences and also in social exclusion. All these had to be correctly figured out by the different professionals of the multidisciplinary team as the doctor and nurses will not be able to handle each and every symptom with equal expertise than the experts in each field can do (Bosch et al. 2016). In such a scenario, effective teamwork is essential so that every professional in the team communicate with each other about Adams present heal th, their observation as well as their suggestions for proceeding with the care. Every member should conduct meetinhs and update their observations at a frequent rate so that the response observed from Adam in each of the interventions form different professionals can be jotted down and a comprehensive monitoring of his recovery of health can be measured. Each and every member should involve in effective teamwork and proper communication with each other. These would ensure that every of Adams symptoms are noted and acted upon after a group meeting and taking suggestions from every members of the team. A team where members are united and more connected to each other regarding updates of patients will be able to handle cases more efficiently. The multidisciplinary team who will help the patient to overcome all his negative symptoms and come back to a normal life will be comprised of the doctor (Dr), nurses, physiotherapist (PT), occupational therapist (OT), speech pathologist (SP), neuropsychologist, and social worker (SW). The Doctor who will be assisting his case will be mainly responsible for diagnosing the different symptoms faced by Adam and will eventually plan and prescribe medications. He will be in discussion with the pharmacist about the medications whether those would bring the best result for adults. He will also be interactive with the nurses to design her care plan for Adam as his guidance would be helpful for the nurses treatment to be more effective. Moreover, he can also take part in the allocation of members of the multidisciplinary team as he is the primary individual who is aware of the different initiatives that would make Adams treatment more fruitful (Dharm-Dutta et al. 2015). Moreover, association of the nurse with the other specialist are also necessary so that the nurse can develop her intervention accordingly depending on the reports of all the specialists. He is also having severe pain from his surgery of the limbs and therefore proper pain management is extremely important. Here nurses require to properly taking interventions which would be managing his pain properly. They need to develop a proper therapeutic relationship with the patient so that they can also help him to overcome their frustrations he is having by striking the right conversation and providing a good guidance to tackle the present situation (Bosch et al., 2016). The better the patient feels under their care, there would be more chance of his fast recovery. The nurses should properly communicate with the other profession also and set up a treatment plan where each of the professional will have allocated time for providing their treatment and here is no clash of timing or power. Besides, they would be also responsible for providing correct medication administration (Cassidy et al., 2014). The nurse should regularly measure the vital signs, hemodynamic variables, specifi c gravity and others. She should administer IV fluids to maintain hydration. Providing him assistance in turning, coughing and deep breathing will prevent pooling of secretions. The nurse should also communicate to understand whether he is having any anxiety or not which affect him (Karch Karch, 2016). Physiotherapists would be mainly responsible for improving his balance and walking with increased ability to retain normal patterns of movement, increase affected leg function, decrease the risk of falls and to increase energy levels. The speech therapists will mainly help the patient to live independently by developing his cognitive problems and also helping him in his communication issues (Sutter and Harvey 2016). The neuropsychologists are mainly helpful in conducting various tests and differential diagnosis which help them to understand the parts of the brain that are affected and hence the various symptoms that are visible. This explanation is provided to doctors and nurses so that they can prepare their treatment plan accordingly. Social workers will mainly help to make the life of Adam better by providing him support to every aspect of his life by helping him to conduct his activities independently, collaborating with family members and educating them for better support to Ada m (Fernandez et al. 2013). They also help Adam to develop his skills and performances in everyday life gradually making him cope up with his condition and try his best to overcome challenges. All these would assure him to come back to his normal life. Nurses are one of the most important professionals as they remain associated with the patients overall care. They also communicate with the entire specialist individually as well as in comprehensively so that they can prepare interventions which are in accordance to the current needs of patient. In case of Adam, nurse would play a crucial role by maintaining communication among all members and also providing a compassionate and empathetic care for the patient. Psychosocial issues arising in the case A number of psychosocial issues arise from the case. It is seen that due to brain injury, Adam is suffering from frequent incidences of memory losses and is also suffering from social exclusion. As he is not being able to properly communicate with his peers, he is experiencing a sense of uneasiness that is causing him to be socially excluded. Social exclusion, at such a tender age of adulthood, when persons try to make friends and new relationships and enjoy life has made him frustrated (Morton et al. 2017). Due to difficulty in the patients communication methods, he might not be able to express his pain concerns pt the nurse which might affect his health in a negative way. The nurse should make sure that she measures his pain score assessment in a proper manner. She should also educate Adam about how he can easily communicate or call nurses when he needs assistance or needs pain management. The nurse would conduct PCA by setting up alarms, being alert for his summons, being steady a nd so on. Development of a sense of depression may act a as a potential issue due to being dependent on other for daily activities of life. For this in future, he may be facing difficulty in maintaining social relationships which also may affect his emotional well being. This could lead to potential issue of the present condition of the patient. Moreover, this sudden change of life styles which are making him compromise many favourite activities of him is also affecting him mentally (Arcinieges and Wortzel 2014). All these will lead him to depression which might cause him to either withdraw himself completely or will make him aggressive hence, correct treatment and companionship are very necessary now to give him a proper quality life. Recommendation Critically reflecting on the care process delivered to a patient is useful in understanding the means of delivering a comprehensive care. A comprehensive assessment would enure that all patient problems are highlighted adequately. Advanced medical diagnosis is the key to outline a suitable nursing care plan aligned with the needs of the patient. The prime nursing care elements arising form the case study are acute injuries, acute pain and oversedation. Acute injuries are associated with a trauma suffered by the individual wherein the body undergoes a negative change in the concerned area, leading ot multiple adverse reactions. In the present case, the patient had suffered acute injuries to his head. Acute pain is the prime nursing diagnosis as it is a protective function acting to inform the patient about the injury suffered. Medication reaction is a valuable care aspect since medications doses and administration route are to be modified as per the need of the patient. Safe and effec tive care of patients needs to include maintaining a balance between the provision of pain relief, monitoring for appropriate use of prescribed medications and other substances, and recommendations for viable treatment alternatives. Rehabilitation would be the key nursing approach for Adam. The nurse would need to assist Adam in adopting an altered lifestyle and provide him with appropriate resources to develop and implement a proper discharge plan. Coordination of nursing care activities in collaboration with other members of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team to facilitate achievement of overall goals is important. A holistic approach is needed in this case. A multidisciplinary team aids in the complete and comprehensive care plan for the patient. After analysisng the treatment options and the results of the assessment done, it had been highlighted that the primary goal for the patient would be maximising his abilities to lead to a normal life. Each professional from the team would deliver care in a manner that addresses different issues the patient has been suffering from. The professionals involved in the care plan of Adam were doctor nurses, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech pathologist , neuropsychologist, and social worker. There are a number of psychosocial issues arising in the case study. Inability to communicate with peers lead to isolation and frustration that the patient might find difficult to handle. This can be aggravated by the fact that Adam is struggling to become independent. A sudden change of lifestyle affects the emotional well being of the patient as well. Nursing care for the patient must, therefore, include this aspect of care in order to provide a comprehensive care service. The goal of rehabilitation for the patient would be to assist him to overcome his disability in mobility for maintaining maximum functioning. References Adams, M. and Urban, C.Q., 2015.Pharmacology: Connections to nursing practice(p. 1552). Prentice Hall. Arciniegas, D.B. and Wortzel, H.S., 2014. Emotional and behavioral dyscontrol after traumatic brain injury.Psychiatric Clinics,37(1), pp.31-53. Bosch, M., Tavender, E.J., Brennan, S.E., Knott, J., Gruen, R.L. and Green, S.E., 2016. The many organisational factors relevant to planning change in emergency care departments: a qualitative study to inform a cluster randomised controlled trial aiming to improve the management of patients with mild traumatic brain injuries.PloS one,11(2), p.e0148091. Cassidy, J.D., Cancelliere, C., Carroll, L.J., Ct, P., Hincapi, C.A., Holm, L.W., Hartvigsen, J., Donovan, J., Nygren-de Boussard, C., Kristman, V.L. and Borg, J., 2014. Systematic review of self-reported prognosis in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation,95(3), pp.S132-S151. Dharm-Datta, S., Gough, M.R., Porter, P.J., Duncan-Anderson, J., Olivier, E., McGilloway, E. and Etherington, J., 2015. Successful outcomes following neurorehabilitation in military traumatic brain injury patients in the United Kingdom.Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,79(4), pp.S197-S203. Fernndez-Espejo, D. and Owen, A.M., 2013. Detecting awareness after severe brain injury.Nature Reviews. Neuroscience,14(11), p.801. Lehne, R.A. and Rosenthal, L., 2014.Pharmacology for Nursing Care-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Levin, H.S. and Diaz-Arrastia, R.R., 2015. Diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury.The Lancet Neurology,14(5), pp.506-517. Mark, V. and Taub, E., 2017. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Chronic Hemiparesis: Neuroscience Evidence from Basic Laboratory Research and Quantitative Structural Brain MRI in Patients with Diverse Disabling Neurological Disorders (S43. 003).Neurology,88(16 Supplement), pp.S43-003. Mill, J.E., Allen, M.N. and Morrow, R.A., 2016. Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(2). Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Roozenbeek, B., Maas, A.I. and Menon, D.K., 2013. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury.Nature Reviews Neurology,9(4), pp.231-236 School of Nursing Midwifery, 2014., Case Worlld- Adam Knight, Fliners University, South Australia. Song, W., Eaton, L.H., Gordon, D.B., Hoyle, C. and Doorenbos, A.Z., 2015. Evaluation of evidence-based nursing pain management practice.Pain Management Nursing,16(4), pp.456-463. Suter, P.S. and Harvey, L.H. eds., 2016.Vision rehabilitation: multidisciplinary care of the patient following brain injury. CRC Press. Wintermark, M., Sanelli, P.C., Anzai, Y., Tsiouris, A.J., Whitlow, C.T. and Institute, A.H.I., 2015. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques.Journal of the American College of Radiology,12(2), pp.e1-e14.

United States Citizens

Citizenship is the ability of a person to be considered a citizen of a given political and social community. Social contract theory states that when a person has a citizenship status, he is given rights and responsibilities. Active citizenship, therefore, means that all citizens are supposed to strive toward making their community better.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United States Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be done through activities such as active participation in economic activities, volunteer duties, and also engaging in other public duties. A person normally acquires citizenship if he or she satisfies the legal principles in a certain state or country. A citizen is expected to adhere to the laws that are practiced in his or her country and he should also defend his country against its enemies. Citizenship generally defines how citizens should relate with their government. T he concept of citizenship is treated differently in various nations. â€Å"In some countries, citizenship can mean a citizen has the right to vote, the right to hold government offices, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligation† (Schama, 1990). For instance, â€Å"Australia citizens are allowed to participate in voting, they can contest for public office, and they can also join the military if they are willing† (Akramov, 2009). The fact that a person is residing in a given country does not make him to be considered a citizen of that country. An individual that has migrated to another country is always considered to be an alien. The rights and obligations of aliens are normally defined by the laws of the country where they live. For example, if an individual moves to U.S.A, he will be expected to behave like other normal U.S citizens. In this case, he will have to pay taxes, also adhere to the laws. Legal aliens may be protect ed by the law, and they can also acquire property and carry out business activities. However, aliens are not allowed to participate in political processes such as voting. Citizenry refers to all categories of citizens. â€Å"In modern times, citizenship is divided between right of blood and right of soil nations† (Romero, 2005). Right of blood in this case means that a person is given citizenship on the basis of nation state concept and this is common in Europe. For example, an individual may be considered a citizen due to his ancestral or ethnic background in that country. On the other hand, the right of soil refers to a situation in which an individual acquires citizenship by virtue of having been born in a given territory or nation.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marriage is one of the ways through which an individual can acquire citizenship. Naturalizatio n is also another process that can be used to get citizenship in some nations. â€Å"In recent years, some intergovernmental organizations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level, where it is applied to the totality of the citizens in their constituent countries† (Akramov, 2009). Citizenship education is today taught in many countries as part of the school syllabus. This is always meant to make citizens know what is expected of them as citizens. It also enables students to learn more about their rights and obligations. Citizenship curriculum gives students conviction and confidence in order for them to relate with others properly, and bring positive changes in their communities. Last but more importantly, it teaches students to be responsible both morally and socially. History of Citizenship Even though historical development indicates that democracy has developed to be a fundamental spect of modern social organization, the concept of democratic citizenship has always been suppressed, in the process of developing democratic processes. Citizenship is believed to have started in ancient Greece when a constitutional government was introduced in the city states. The concept of democratic citizenship or classic model of democracy started in Greece. It enabled citizens to participate in governing their states. â€Å"This means that governance was citizenship and citizenship was governance† (Manville, 1990). Citizenship was also seen as part of achieving maturity. It was only citizens that could be regarded as adult members of society, and people could only become adults through citizenship. Rosenberg contends that Solan is the one who introduced citizenship. Solon stressed on equality of all members of society. He noted that the rich individuals always used their wealth to influence and dominate people. He saw democracy as the only viable means of reversing inequality. Pesistrator is another indi vidual who improved the rights that were accorded to the ordinary man. Apart from this, he also introduced nobility which was practiced with reference to the law. In the fourth century, Cleisthenes developed classical democracy. He achieved this by raising the number of Athenian tribes from four to ten. In this case, each tribe appointed its leader. People were also clustered into units, and this facilitated the formation of new tribes. During the practice of classic democracy, the idea of citizenship was exercised both at family and neighborhood levels. As civic institutions became prominent, citizenship became increasingly necessary. A citizen had to be an Athenian or if an individual was an Athenian he was regarded as a citizen. The behavior of an individual also became apparent in private and public spheres. Being part of a family determined ones citizenship. Non Athenians could only be citizens if they joined a given family or tribe. Aristotle defined a citizen as a person who participated or contributed to the decisions and development of his city.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United States Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to him, a citizen is one who has been born by two citizens. He also stated that a responsible citizen should be in a position to rule others, and he should also be ready to be ruled by other individuals. He considered this to be a virtue. A citizen should also engage in state politics. Democracy in Greece remained weak and incomplete until 1789. Development of citizenship is normally classified into two phases. The first phase preceded the French Revolution, while the second one emerged after the French Revolution. In the first phase, a person was only a citizen if he participated in politics and development. In Sparta, land was not regarded as a prerequisite for acquiring citizenship. Moreover, only few people could be allowed to vot e and occupy public office in Sparta. Citizenship was also treated as a privilege in both Sparta, and Athens. The only difference was that there was a great struggle against democracy in Sparta. The Greeks also encouraged self government. Nonetheless, their democracy was not effective and it was partially practiced. Self government led to coexistence among subcultures. This form of ethnic allegiance is still manifested even today in those countries. In 509 B.C., the people in Rome started constructing a new empire based on laws and citizenship was considered important. The introduction of the new empire brought the monarchy to an end. Despite the making of the Roman Empire a republic, they failed to practice democratic principles. The Roman Empire was based on democratic universal citizenship of free men, and a stoic notion of the universal brother hood of mankind. â€Å"Greece provided participatory citizen democracy, while Rome provided universal citizenship† (West, 1979). This gave rise to two different concepts about citizenship, which were both adopted in U.S.A. The first set of democracy refers to citizens’ service as well as allegiance to the country. The second one is about the rights and privileges that citizens are given. In this case, the citizens also have some obligations. For example, they can contribute in government decision making and implementation. In Rome, citizenship was not restricted to the people who were born within its territory. However, this was not the case in Athens where citizenship was only granted to the people who were born there. The Romans allowed foreigners to acquire their citizenship. In Rome, individuals who had active citizenship were supposed to offer a service of twenty days to the government within a year.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development and spread of Christianity in Rome also influenced citizenship. Christianity changed how the Romans perception of life, hence, it also affected their values. Christianity advocated for a different loyalty. It encouraged people to be loyal to themselves and the church rather than being loyal to the government. Civic virtue and the value of citizenship waned as the Christian values became more prminent. Nonetheless, citizenship was still able to thrive. â€Å"The second concept of citizenship was encouraged by the writings of Montaigne, Bacon, Shakespeare, Hobbes, Locke, and Franklin† (Rousseau, 1968). Citizenship was also able to develop due to economic advancement of the people in Europe. The reformation period also partly contributed to the development of citizenship. Althusius also reinforced the idea that a person is made a citizen through the service he offers to the society. He also introduced modern federalism. Aliens became protected by the laws of Engl and from the seventeenth century. They were allowed to acquire land, but the king still had the power to use land. This sparked protests from citizens, but the protests were not very serious. In France, the middle ages also experienced much focus on protection of citizens in exchange for taxes. This system continued even during renaissance. For example, Montesquieu described the obligations of a citizen and he also defined citizenship in terms of liberty and equality. Rousseau also talked about the ideas of Montesquieu and he also came up with his thoughts about the virtuous citizen. Rousseau envisaged a new society that would have equality, and civism. He also emphasized on the need for education. He felt that liberty would only thrive if people were educated. Rousseau’s emphasis on education also led to the development of republicanism. Hobbes and Locke analyzed citizenship in terms of civic virtue of the society. Hobbes stressed on the influence of a person in the society. On the hand, Locke stressed on a person’s role acquiring resources and also assisting the government. Montesquieu believed that a good citizen is one that bides to the rules, is loyal, and also productive. Development of liberalism led to the practice of democracy by the people in America. â€Å"Liberal concepts such as individualism, republicanism, liberty, equality, and fairness were embraced† (Hobsbawm, 1996). Dietz highlighted the liberal concepts as follows. Liberal thinking leads to economic advancement. Society should provide an opportunity to people so that they can realize their potential. Individuals are the ones that benefit from formal right and those rights are supposed to be accessed by everyone on an equal basis. People also have the capacity to think rationally hence they have intrinsic worth. â€Å"The shortcomings of liberalism can be identified in the legal concepts of rights, interests, contracts, individualism, and negative liberty† (Anders on, 2006). After French Revolution there was a tremendous growth of democracy and citizenship in Europe. American democracy was developed from the classic ideas of citizenship. Democracy and citizenship have to day become part of Americans’ traditions. As western civilization advanced, democracy, and citizenship were also influenced. The struggle for dominance between the church and the state also jeopardized the development of democracy and citizenship. The monarchy also tried to sustain its power and this also frustrated citizenship and democracy. As civilization and Christianity gained popularity, the citizenship thoughts and democracy that had been initially suppressed began to thrive. The monarchy was retained in England and it ruled through parliament. However, the idea of allegiance emerged in America, and it led to the creation of self government and democracy. Democratic government was able to flourish through the citizenship values. Today the pioneer spirit is still continuing, and the Americans still strive for more democratic space as John Dewey envisaged. United States Citizenship In America, citizenship started during the period of colonialism. During this time, people came together to find solutions to the common challenges that they faced. Apart from this, they also actively engaged in decision making. For example, they could attend public debates where democratic issues were always discussed. This kind of relationship was altered by some issues and one of them was the need to grow economically. Therefore, people stopped contributing toward decision making. Citizenship became more articulated in terms of rights and privileges and people no longer saw it in terms of political participation. Citizenship in U.S enables the citizens to enjoy various opportunities which are provided to them through the rights and privileges. For example, they can get federal assistance and they also have access to services offered by the government. â€Å"Ci tizenship in the United States is a status given to individuals that entails specific rights, duties, privileges, and benefits between the United States and the individual† (Huntington, 2004). The constitution has a citizenship clause that defines how a person can acquire citizen. Therefore, citizenship can be obtained through the following mechanisms. Birth right citizenship is normally offered when a child is born within the territory of U.S. This provision is found in the fourteenth amendment. This amendment states that a person an individual that is born or naturalized within the U.S is considered its citizen and he or she must respect the laws. Children who have not attained the minimum age of eighteen years are normally not allowed to vote because they are minors. Eighteen years is the age at which children are given the right to have full citizenship. A person’s citizenship remains intact until he dies, unless it is revoked by the government through a legal proce dure. Citizenship is part of the high school course work, and it is meant prepare students to become responsible citizens. Maternity citizenship has been debated and some people consider it to be a loophole through which some people acquire citizenship. In this case, some people claim that some women normally move to U.S illegally so that they can have a chance to reproduce and claim citizenship. Illegal immigrants have increased because of maternity citizenship. Naturalization is the second means of acquiring citizenship. In this case, a person who was born in another territory that is not part of U.S can be granted citizenship through successful application. An applicant for citizenship is supposed to meet the following conditions. First, he should be law abiding and also morally upright. Secondly, he must have stayed in the country for not less than five years. The applicant should be able to interpret the constitution. In addition to these, he should know English. They are also supposed to do and pass a compulsory citizenship test. Immigrants who are willing to serve in the military can be allowed to be citizens. Citizens’ contribution to civic activities is not obligatory in U.S. For example, there is no need for a person to attend public gatherings. Even being a member of a certain political party is not important. Some scholars contend that such a trend is likely to affect the future of democracy. Dual citizenship is a situation where a person legally belongs to many nations. American law enables people to acquire multiple citizenships. In this case, if a person is a U.S citizen, he can still go to another country and acquire another citizenship. A citizen can renounce or restore his or her citizenship depending on an individual’s choice. A person who is naturalized in U.S is supposed to renounce the citizenship he had before. â€Å"However, this renunciation may not necessarily be considered effective by the country of prior citizenshipà ¢â‚¬  (Einstein, 2001). Some people contend that dual citizenship affects patriotic assimilation of Americans and it may also undermine American sovereignty. Nonetheless, the effects of dual citizenship are perceived to be less pernicious by others. Dual citizenship also enables the people who have it own property and work. Honorary citizenship can be granted in exceptional cases to specific individuals who have demonstrated outstanding services to the country. Seven citizenships of this kind have been warded. For example, Mother Teresa and Sir Winston Churchill are among the few individuals who got honorary citizenship. The relatives of non- citizen soldiers who have died fighting for U.S can be given some assistance. American citizenship is really valued by many people especially the immigrants who really struggle to get. This is because citizens have access to so many privileges and rights that can enable them to live comfortably. Such rights may not be found in other countries and this indicates the varying nature of citizenship in different territories. Aliens normally do not benefit from some privileges. For example, they usually do not have access to better employment and government services. Mexican Immigrants Apart from U.S citizens, there are many individuals who work and live U.S illegally. Such individuals do not have proper reasons and documentations for being in that country. They are therefore treated as illegal immigrants. â€Å"Illegal immigration has numerous and complex causes, but in general, it consists of people from poor countries seeking a better life opportunities in more developed countries† (Romero, 2005). Illegal migrations are not allowed because they normally lead to many challenges in the countries where they move to. In U.S illegal immigrants can face many charges including deportation if they are detected by the authorities. Mexico is the largest source of immigrants in U.S. and one fifth of the total population of lega l immigrants living America, are Mexicans. Their large number is attributed to the revision of immigration acts, which have made migration to U.S quite easy. Most of the illegal immigrants in U.S are also from Mexico. The number of illegal immigrants from Mexico is also growing very fast compared to the ones that are having proper documents. â€Å"Migration from Mexico to the United States has accelerated rapidly to the point where about nine percent of the population born in Mexico is now living in the United States† (Huntington, 2004). This trend is not likely to reduce any soon despite economic decline and the tight security measures that have been adopted to check on illegal migrations. Most of illegal immigrants are always trying to secure better financial opportunities by looking for jobs and good social services in U.S. This is because many people in Mexico do not have access to formal employment, and decent services. Poverty is also prevalent in Mexico, and this encou rages most of them to move out of the country. When some jobs are created in their country, they can never meet the ever growing demand for employment opportunities. The jobs in Mexico are also having low payments with poor incentives. The distance between Mexico and United States is also short and it contributes to the high rate of immigrants from Mexico. At present, Mexicans form a substantial population in U.S and they have also developed an influential social group in U.S. â€Å"Mexican American culture will continue to shape U.S. life in language, politics, food, and daily living and will help define the nation’s identity for a new century† (Huntington, 2004). Kurds in Syria Among the minority tribes in Syria, Kurds are the largest and they occupy approximately ten percent of the population in the country. Majority of Kurds is Sunni Muslims. In addition to this, there are also Yazidi and Yarsan Kurds. A few of them are Christians. The Kurds have always faced myria d challenges due to the fact that the Syrian government discriminate them. Most of the Kurds originally migrated from Turkey to Syria in the 1920s. Kurds are also found in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. The Syrian government for a very long time has refused to recognize the Kurds as legal citizens of Syria. Syria lacks proper census and this makes it difficult for one to determine the exact number of Kurds in the country. Kurds mainly stay in the North Eastern part of Syria. In 1962, about twenty percent of Kurds’ citizenships in Syria were renounced by the government. This move was, however, criticized by many activists who saw it as inhuman treatment. According to the government, the Kurds gradually migrated to Syria and settled in various cities, and they finally formed a substantial population. It was also noted that many Kurds could use dubious methods to acquire citizenship. Most of the Kurds migrated to Syria with an aim of getting better economic opportunities. This majorly happened after the government carried out agricultural reforms. In this regard, Kurds wanted to buy property and get employment opportunities. For along time, many Kurds living in this country have been unable to access basic social and political rights, and this has barred them from advancing economically, and politically. Since many of them have not been allowed to become citizens, they have always engaged in demonstrations in order to compel the government to register them. Out of such protests, the government finally agreed to register some of them, but they were registered separately as immigrants. This means they are still treated like second class individuals in Syria. â€Å"With the citizenship, they move from third-class inhabitants to second-class citizens with the rest of the Kurds in Syria who are already citizens† (Davis, 1997). Nonetheless, they can now benefit from the Syrian rights. For example, they can participate in political processes through voting, and t hey can also own property, and get jobs in the government offices. The Syrians only recognize the Arabs as the only original citizens. This is meant to foster unity among the Arabs by eliminating other minority tribes. This clause is actually part of their national constitution. This means that Kurds cannot have similar rights with Arabs. It is therefore impossible to change their status. This means that Kurds are not having a chance to be treated as Kurdish citizens in that country. They should therefore stop identifying themselves as Kurdish citizens. Despite the few reforms that have been made to make the Kurds have a better life in Syria, they still face some challenges. For example, in Syria no education is offered in Kurdish language. Secondly, they are not supposed show the Kurdish identity by any means. There is no public media that uses Kurdish language. Foreigners are also not able to claim land ownership. â€Å"From this we may conclude that part of the rationale for the census was to deprive Kurds in the area from obtaining land† (Davis, 1997). These limitations have led to the undermining of Kurds and they are only left with the option of assimilating themselves into Arab culture. United Arab Emirates Citizenship â€Å"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven semi-autonomous emirates, with an estimated resident population of 4.5 million, of which only 21 percent are citizens† (Arthur, 1996). The federation is under the leadership of a supreme council that acts as the executive body. Institutions are not elected through a democratic process. Elections do exist but citizens can inform their leaders about their concerns and opinions. Citizenship is offered in the United Arab Emirates based on the constitutional guidelines. In UAE, a person is granted a citizenship status by the following processes. First, if a person is born within this territory he can be recognized as a citizen. However, this process may in some cases n ot lead to automatic citizenship. Marriage also enables women whose spouses are UAE citizens to acquire citizenship. In this case, such a woman must live for more than three years within UAE. She is also expected to renounce her former citizenship. Lastly, she should also seek from the authorities. Naturalization is also applicable in UAE, and it granted to immigrants. The conditions for naturalization vary depending on ones nationality. For example, Arab immigrants take a shorter duration to meet the naturalization requirements that other immigrants. There is no opportunity for people to have dual citizenship. An individual can willingly renounce his or her UAE citizen citizenship and the law permits this. This is called voluntary renunciation. Besides this, an individual’s citizenship may sometimes be renounced under the following cases. First, if a person got citizenship through illegal process. Secondly, a naturalized citizen in UAE who violates the law by committing crim e can be deported. Joining a foreign army is also not allowed, and can lead to renunciation of an individual’s citizenship. Citizens of UAE have rights and obligations which are part of their national constitution. Foreigners who are working within UAE are not allowed to acquire citizenship. Immigration laws in UAE have been reinforced in order to control the problem of human trafficking, and illegal immigrants. The manner in which democracy is perceived in the United Arab Emirates is quite different from the West. This is because Islamic faith is seen as a guiding principle that shapes other spheres of life. Since they value their religion, naturalized citizens are not expected to criticize it, and they are also expected to be assimilated into the Muslim culture. Non Muslims in UAE might find it challenging to cope with the culture and laws of this country since they are quite rigid and discriminatory against foreigners. Bidoun in Kuwait The Bidouns were stateless individual s who inhabited Kuwait since its independence. This people were initially considered legal citizens of Kuwait by the government. Their status differentiated them from immigrants and other stateles individuals. Their population was also included in the national statistics. The Bidouin also had identification documents. â€Å"With the exception of voting rights they received the benefits of full citizens, including subsidized housing, education, and health services† (Akramov, 2009). However, in 1986, the government came up with restrictions on immigrants and this led the cancellation of Bidoun rights. This situation aggravated after the gulf crisis that took place in 1990. During the gulf war, the Bidoun who went to Iraq for safety were not allowed back after the war. Most of the Bidoun who served in the government also lost their positions. From 1994, the Biduons were expected to pay for taxes and other services that were offered to the citizens freely. After some amendments o n immigration laws they, can now become citizens of Kuwait through the naturalization process. Conclusion The idea of citizenship is believed to have started in ancient Greece when a constitutional government was introduced in various Greece city states. From Greece, citizenship was spread to other territories. Many factors also influenced how citizenship and democracy developed. For example, the development and spread of Christianity in Rome influenced citizenship. Development of citizenship is normally classified into two phases. The first phase preceded the French Revolution, while the second one took place after the revolution. After French Revolution, there was a tremendous growth of democracy and citizenship in Europe. Citizenship is today practiced in many countries and the only difference is how it is exercised. From this discussion the rights and obligations that are offered to citizens is what determines the quality of their citizenship. Citizenship in U.S.A is well define d compared to that of Syria and Kuwait. It is the high dignity given to the Americans that makes people to crave for U.S citizenship. References Akramov, E. (2009). Dual Nationality and the Concept of Citizenship in Politics: Comparative Analysis. London: Oxford University Press. Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso. Arthur, G. (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. New York: Longman. Davis, U. (1997). Citizenship and the State: A Comparative Study of Citizenship Legislation in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon. New York: Prentice Hall. Einstein, A. (2001). The World As I See It. New York: Citadel. Hobsbawm, E. (1996). The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848. London: Vintage. Huntington, S. (2004). Who Are We: The Challenges to America’s National Identity. Washington. D.C: Simon and Schuster. Manville, P. (1990). The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens. Berkley: Princeton Univers ity Press. Romero, V. (2005). Alienated: Immigrant Rights, the Constitution, and Equality in America. New York: Wiley. Rousseau, J.-J. (1968). The Social Contract. New York: Penguin Classics. Schama, S. (1990). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage. West, T. (1979). Plato’s Apology of Socrates: An Interpretation, With a New Translation. New York: Cornell University Press. This research paper on United States Citizens was written and submitted by user Gibson Hood to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jfk Essays (507 words) - Kennedy Family, Bouvier Family,

Jfk John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States (1961-1963). He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917,the second oldest in a family of nine children, the son of financier Joseph P. Kennedy, who served as ambassador to Great Britain during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He graduated from Harvard University in 1940. In 1941, John Kennedy joined the Navy. He became the commander of a small boat assigned to the battle in the Pacific against the Japanese. After World War II he soon decided to run for political office. In 1946, he was elected to the U.S. Congress, Kennedy, a Democrat, served three terms (six years) in the House of Representatives, and in 1952 he was elected to the U.S. Senate.In 1953, he married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. In the general election on November 8, 1960, Kennedy defeated Vice President Richard M. Nixon, in a very close race. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President and the first Catholic. Just after the election, the Kennedy's second child, John Jr., was born. Kennedy wanted Americans to travel to a more distant destination. In May 1961, after Alan Shepard became the first American astronaut to fly into space, Kennedy asked Congress to spend more money on space exploration, with the goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade.In 1963, clashes between the police and demonstrating blacks in Birmingham, Ala., and elsewhere, especially in the South, induced the president to stress civil rights legislation. Kennedy's new civil rights message included bills to ban discrimination in places of business; to speed up desegregation of public schools; and to end discrimination in the hiring of workers on federal construction projects. On Nov. 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot to death in Dallas, Texas, the fourth United States president to die by an assassin's bullet. The state funeral of President Kennedy was watched on television by millions around the world. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. During his time as President, JFK had to make difficult decisions. Many of the hardest choices concerned the relationship between our nation and the Soviet Union. President Kennedy's death caused enormous sadness and grief among all Americans. Most people still remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news of the murder. Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in Washington for the President's funeral, and millions throughout the world watched it on television. As the years have gone by and other Presidents have written their chapters in history, John Kennedy's brief time in office stands out in people's memories--for his leadership, personality, and accomplishments. Many respect his coolness when faced with difficult decisions--like what to do about the missiles in Cuba. Others admire his ability to inspire people with his eloquent speeches. Still others think his compassion and his willingness to fight for new government programs to help the poor, the elderly and the ill were most important. Like all leaders, John Kennedy made mistakes, but he was always optimistic about the future. He believed that people could solve their common problems if they put their country's interests first and worked together. History Essays

Alexander The Great

Alexander The Great Alexander did indeed change the world in the Eastern Hemisphere. He had many great accomplishments in his short life. The period 336-323 BC is inevitably designated the age of Alexander. It marked a huge expansion of imperial boundaries of Macedon, virtually unparalleled out pouring of resources materials and humans (4 Bosworth.) One of Alexander's large accomplishments was defeating the Persian kind Darius III. This was a good thing because it gave him more power and eventually causing tensions with his Macedonian and Greek officers because he had too much power. Soon they became a threat to there civilizations. They thought that he might take over there countries as well because of his massive amount of power he had he might get greedy and turn on them.Another Accomplishment of Alexander the Great was to control his own troops in a time of panic, also he stopped a revolution from breaking out.Perhaps from the pediment of his templeTowards the end, the Hellenic period of Greece had begun to transform itself and concentrate on different issues. The inhabitants of Greece took action to move forward before Alexander the Great came into existence.Tarn even said it himself in his own document. He wrote, "Even if much of the work was done by his successors, he broke the path; with out him they would not have been." Tarn gave too much of the credit to one individual of the time. Alexander received help from many people; he did not accomplish his dreams alone. He probably derived the credit from some historians with the fact that he was a great leader. He made an example of himself for people to follow. He was a hands on leader who gained...

First IT security in information systems Term Paper

First IT security in information systems - Term Paper Example In this report, we will discuss some of the main security measures/steps that can be taken to overcome IT security related issues. The report will also include a discussion about the ways to maintain IT security over a long time for users. Network Security Internet security is imperative in today’s world of digital technology because it provides a number of considerable benefits to individuals and businesses. Some of those benefits include assistance in dealing with fake emails and harmful web links, assistance in protection of data, assistance in making communication process safe, and assistance in dealing with malware, spyware, viruses, Trogens, and worms. Moreover, network safety measures also help users in surviving from phishing and other internet-based frauds. We all know that protection of files and important information stored in computers is essential for every individual. Therefore, it is imperative to apply such security measures which can ensure data protection to a large extent. â€Å"Network security comprises the measures a company takes to protect its computer system† (Kaminsky 1). According to Stallings, viruses and worms are the most harmful and commonly occurring threats to the security of computer networks and they have the ability to spread into every computer system (27). In IT related business, there is a constant need to apply such security measures that can protect computer networks from all types of threats including worms, viruses, and the attempts of hackers. IT professionals need to introduce such mechanisms using which one can efficiently identify the potential threats to the networks in order to apply the relevant and the most appropriate safety measure. Although the advancements in the field of information technology have been beneficial for internet related businesses individuals, they have also brought in a number of security threats. Such threats not only affect the progress of the businesses but also reduce busi nesses’ efficiency levels, as people have to spend a huge amount of time to recover their important information and data if lost. To reduce such threats, business need to hire such information technology experts who can ensure protection using multilayered security strategies. As Lynn states, â€Å"in today's threat landscape, the most secure network infrastructures implement not a single network security technology, but a multilayered comprehensive security strategy† (1). Let us now discuss some of the main steps an information technology professional may take to ensure complete protection for users from internet security threats. Antivirus and Antispyware The first thing that an IT professional needs should suggest to IT related businesses and users is the installation of a suitable antivirus application. Antivirus applications are the most widely used measures to ensure computer safety not only because they provide optimum security to data present inside the compute r systems but also because they hold current databases of worms and viruses using which they can identify the presence of any armful application in the computer syste

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Reading response - Essay Example The Allies were forced to sign off as post First World War the allies were dependent on the United States for not only military and arms but also for fuel, food and other basic requirements. However, only some of the Wilson 14 points made it to acceptance particularly five of them the rest were rejected on the event of being overly ambitious and unrealistic. The impracticality of these points dominated the Great European powers and the experiences of wartime. Apart from the Russian evacuation and the Belgium restoration the other points created more negative vibe than positive effects. For example, the settlement of colonial claims, the French disputed territories; the Italy border adjustments based on nationality etc. all caused more tension and new national disputes rather than solving any problems. Thus not all the points presented by the President were fruitful in generating world peace. The most important point in my view and according to the historical perspective is the last point. ‘Establishment of the League of Nations to secure mutual guarantees of independence and territorial integrity.’ ("President Wilsons Fourteen Points"). This League of Nations was formed through the start of the Second World War and aimed at diluting national sovereignty and creating global and international government. However, this did not materialize as per the speech but this point was the backbone of the 14 points speech by the President Wilson in

Family Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Family Health Assessment - Essay Example Mother on the other hand stays at home and performs daily household chores i.e. cleaning, washing and cooking meals etc. the eldest son who studies in college also is a secondary provider of the family by working part time in a local restaurant whereas two younger members of the family have no specified roles but they go to school only. All the members of the family are perfectly healthy with no physiological or psychological diseases to affect the normal functioning of the family. The family lives in a well-ventilated house of 4 rooms with 3 rooms taken by the children and one shared by their parents. All the rooms are properly ventilated and with basic necessities e.g. sanitation and electricity provided. The house is located in a moderate area with clean environment and no signs of waste deposits or litter near the area. From financial point of view, the family’s primary provider earns enough to support the family and added income by the eldest son makes things easier for them by providing the family with the ability to spend on their needs as well as save some money for the time of need. With no financial problems, no diseases in the family, no stress and anxiety, the family members have been able to perform their appropriate tasks properly and without any difficulties or hurdles. Mentioned by the father, the eldest son while in his teenage had some issues with the parents but considering it a problem of growing teenagers that did not create any str ess in the family since they sat together and solved the problems by talking them out. The family is in the developing stage and has been coping well with this stage like they did with the previous stages i.e. parental years and expanding stage (White, 1991). All the members of the family understand their roles that they are supposed to perform in the family considering they live together and they have to live in harmony and support each other at the time of

Introduction to Negligence, Tort Law

Introduction to Negligence, Tort Law Discuss what is meant by a ‘duty of care’ in the tort of negligence. Explain the test which is applied in the tort of negligence to determine whether the defendant breached the legal duty of care owed to the claimant. What factors would a court take into account when determining how a reasonable person would act? Duty of care Test applied for determining Factors court would take into account to determine how a reasonable person would act Tort law Tort in general are a set of rights, obligation that are provided to the citizen by a civil court in order to maintain safety of people and provide remedies for persons who have been inflicted suffering/losses by the wrongdoings of other citizens. (http://legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law) A tort is a wrongdoing by a citizen towards another for which he/she is tried in the court of law. The plaintiff is the person against whom the wrong has been committed and who has suffered losses. Whereas, the person because of whom the damages/losses have occurred to the plaintiff is known as the defendant. The law of tort is obtained from common law principles that have come from case laws and legislative enactment. Torts are not dependent on any sort of agreement between the two parties involved and this is how tort law is distinguishable from breach of contract or any other type of law. Moreover, it is the citizen who brings the tort case even though criminal prosecutions are applied by the state. Defendants, in case of tort law, do not receive fines and neither do civil courts incarcerate them. (http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/500400.html) The word tort is derived from a latin word ‘torquere’, meaning incorrect or twisted. There was no separate legal action under the English common law. In place of tort the English law system provided plaintiffs with two options of reparation: trespass for direct injuries and for indirect injury, action on the case. In time, other civil wrongdoings were also recognized by the English common law, for ex Defamation, libel, slander. English common law became popular in America and they started adopting it. The first U.S. treatises that were published had a portion of common law which was created under the tort law. Every tort action requires some criteria to be fulfilled. First, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant had a legal obligation to act in a particular manner. Second, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant breached this duty by acting in a wrong way. Third, the plaintiff must be able to prove that he suffered losses, damage and injury because of the defendant not being able to follow his legal duty. (http://legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law) The law of tort aims to serve the following objectives. First, tort law aims at providing compensation to the plaintiff for injury/losses suffered due to the misdoings of the defendant. Second, it tries to punish the defendant by making them pay for the cost of such losses/injury. Third, it seeks to make sure that such an irresponsible, careless behavior is discouraged in the future. Lastly, tort law seeks to claim the legal rights that are compromised or diminished. The above mentioned objectives me into play when the tort liability is imposed on defendants for negligence, intentional misdoings. Types of tort Intentional Torts Intentional tort is when a citizen or a group of people purposely indulge in an activity that harms or causes damage to another. For example, one person attacking another in a fight will be considered as an intentional act that would come under this tort. Seeing the above example it may look like an intentional tort may be categorized as a criminal case, but there are some differences between them. A crime can be thought of as when an individual’s actions damages or injures the interest of the society. Whereas, an intentional tort is when the actions of an individual affects/injures the property/well-being of one individual. While in a criminal case the charges are brought on by the government and can lead to jail sentence, in a tort the victim presses the charges against the defendant and is usually seeking for monetary compensation for the injury/damages caused by the defendant. Negligence Every individual/citizen is anticipated to behave in a particular manner and conduct themselves responsibly. This is also considered as a legal duty of the citizens as this would reduce the risk of damage/injury/harm to the others. If a citizen fails to abide by these requirements he/she is said to be negligent and the act comes under negligence. Tort of negligence has been the most prevalent tort. A lot different than the tort of intention, negligence tort doesn’t consider intentional actions by a person, whereas it takes into account the cases where an individual acts carelessly and fails to obey the above mentioned legal duties towards fellow citizen causing them harm/injury/damage. The most common case is of slip and fall wherein a property owner fails to behave as a rational person would, hence causing harm to the visitor. Strict Liability This type of tort (strict/absolute) involves imposing responsibility, for a damage/injury/harm, on the person who has done wrong without the requirement of proof of negligence or intention. What only count is that an action transpired which eventually led to injury/damage/harm of another person. The most major example is of defective products, where the liability is imposed irrespective of intent. In such cases the only requirement the injured person has to fulfill is to prove that the injury was directly caused by the malfunction of the product in order to have the law on their side. The company’s intention is this case is not taken into consideration. Business tort (http://www.inc.com/articles/1999/11/15387.html) In business tort the damage is not done to an individual but to imperceptible assets such as economic interest or business relations or contracts. Fraudulent Misrepresentation Fraudulent misrepresentation aims at protecting an individual’s economic interests and also their right to reasonable and true treatment. If a plaintiff wishes to file a fraud claim he/she must prove that the defendant purposely misrepresented a fact which the plaintiff relied on and was eventually harmed/suffered losses due to the misrepresentation. For example, if a company presents factually wrong/misleading financial statements to a bank in order to procure a loan and the bank relying on those statements provides the loan then the bank is eligible to file a case for fraud against the company if they aren’t able to pay the loan back. Fraud claim can be filed if the defendant had the duty to disclose a fact but he/she failed to do so. Like for instance a financial advisor on behalf of both buyer and seller may be held for fraud if he has knowledge about the toxic content of the property and fails to tell this to the buyer. TORT OF NEGLIGENCE The most common kind of tort that one comes across is the tort of negligence and is generally used to represent behavior that causes the unreasonable risk of harm to other individuals. There are a few elements that are required to be established for the negligence tort. They are as follows: A duty of care should exist between the plaintiff and the defendant. The defendant breaching that duty of care. Defendants breach causes direct harm/ injury/damage to the plaintiff. DUTY OF CARE A duty of care is when a person is required to behave carefully, with responsibility and attention towards other individuals in a way a reasonable person would. If the individual fails to meet the expected standard of care then they behavior is considered negligent and any damage/harm resulting from it may be filed for negligence it the court of law. (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/duty+of+care) Judges making decisions in various cases involving tort of negligence has led to the gradual development of duty of care. This first came to light in a case of negligence of donoghuev v Stevenson (1932) in which the plaintiff (mrs. Donoghuev) went to a cafà © with a friend of hers. Her friend brought her a drink of ginger beer and ice cream. The contents of the beer couldn’t be seen as it was in a dark bottle. Mrs. Donoghuev drank some of the beer and then poured the rest out and to her shock saw a dead, decomposing snail in the drink. This horrified mrs. Donoghuev and led to her becoming ill. The main reason of her falling ill was the sight and the ginger beer she had already drunk. In spite of clear negligence on the part of the manufacturer mrs. Donoghuev couldn’t claim against the manufacturer or the shopkeeper based on contract since she wasn’t the one who bought the drink. Mrs. Donoghuev’s friend bought the drink hence she could claim against the cafà © based on contract, but again since her friend didn’t suffer any kind of illness/losses apart from the fact that she had bought the defective good. In this case the only remedy that could be provided was money back to the friend and no remedy for mrs. Donoghuev’s health. Hence, mrs. Donoghuev decided to file a claim against the drink’s manufacturer (Stevenson). Her claims were based on the stomach illness and resulting shock from the consumption of the beer and the sight respectively. Whether her claim against the drink’s manufacturer would succeed or no was now dependent on the court’s decision. This situation led to lord Atkin’s famous statement. â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer’s question, ‘Who is my neighbour?’ receives a restricted reply.You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.† Donoghuev v stevenson (1932) was the first attempt that succeeded to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. As the lawyers began to realize that the above mentioned principle could be changed to be used with various types of cases, the test was restructured to create the three part test in the case of caparo v dickman (1990) The general parameters set in the test for caparo v dickman were as follows It should be reasonably foreseeable that an individual in the plaintiff’s position was at risk of injury/harm/damage. There should be satisfactory proximity between the two parties. Proximity here means that two parties involved should be close enough such that it is ‘reasonably foreseeable’ that negligence by one party leads to damage/injury to the other party. It should be just, rational and realistic to enforce liability on the defendant. All the above mentioned parameters should be met if a duty of care is to be payable by the defendant to the plaintiff. Also there is a necessity for each part to be proved and explained separately and unambiguously. Caparo Test The First Part – Foreseeablility This test is objective. Would it be foreseeable that someone in the claimants place might be injured by a reasonable individual? In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) it can be seen that the consumer’s health will be affected if the snail gets into the bottle. This particular situation is of supplying consumable products with foreign bodies in it and a reasonable individual would be able to foresee that the consumer (plaintiff) may very likely be injured. In the case of Kent v Griffiths (2000) a patient was suffering from a serious asthma attack and therefore a doctor ordered an ambulance to take the patient to the hospital immediately. The ambulance control centre received the messaged and they acknowledged it. Without any acceptable reason the ambulance arrived very late, the result of which was that the patient suffered a heart attack. The heart attack could have been avoided if she had been attended to earlier. A reasonable individual would find it foreseeable that that the ambulance’s failure to arrive in time would cause the patient to suffer from serious harm. There have also been various cases where the courts have decided that it isn’t reasonably foreseeable that the plaintiff would suffer harm. For instance, in Bournhill v Young (1943) a motorcyclist crashed into a car and was killed due to driving too fast. Mrs. Bournhill, who was very close to the scene, was eight months pregnant. Mrs. Bournhill only heard the incident but didn’t actually see it. As she witnessed the blood on the road and body it led to her experiencing a severe shock which further led to her baby being born still. She filed a case against the motorcyclist blaming him for her plight. But the court denied her claims as they decided that the motorcyclist couldn’t have reasonably foreseen that his accident would affect mrs. Bournhill, hence he didn’t owe any duty of care to her. The Second Part – Proximity A duty of care exists only when the harm caused is reasonably foreseeable and also if the relation between the plaintiff and the defendant is sufficiently close. The same can also be seen in the case of Osman v Ferguson (1993) in which the police officers were aware of the risk the victim was at. The victim was hence murdered by the attacker. During the proceedings the courts established that the plaintiff and defendant had a sufficiently close relationship. However, the case failed because it was decided that it isn’t fair, just to impose a duty of care on the police. The Third Part – Fair, just and reasonable Generally, courts refrain from imposing a duty of care on the public authorities. However, is few situations the police do somehow owe a duty of care. In the case of MPC v Reeves (2001) a man with suicidal tendencies was taken into custody by the police. He hanged himself to death in the cell while he was in custody. In this particular case the police did owe the victim a duty of care. Breach of Duty Once a claimant has proved the duty of care is owed he must then show that the defendant breached that duty. This is merely when the defendant falls below the standard of care appropriate to the duty. Breach of duty is measured objectively by the ‘reasonable man test’. The reasonable man is the ordinary person performing the particular task: he is expected to perform it reasonably competently. Thus, when I am riding my bicycle, I am expected to be a reasonably competent cyclist who can ride a bicycle. Therefore, a number of factors that can be considered to raise or lower the standard. This is logical because a reasonable person will rightly take greater risks in an emergency, and take more care when the risk of harm is greater. For a breach of duty to occur, the court will take four factors into account: Now that the plaintiff has proved that duty of care exists the next step is to show that the defendant has breached that duty. -Thedegree of riskinvolved: the greater the risk, the more the defendant has to take care. (Bolton v Stone 1951). -Thecost of precautions: the courts will see how high the risk is involved, and then take into account the expense of taking precautions to prevent that risk (Bolton v Stone and Latimer v AEC). Potential seriousness of injures: so if there is a very high risk of serious injury, the more the defendant needs to be very careful (Paris v Stepney B.C. 1951). -Theimportance of the activity: in an emergency, sometimes it is not possible to reflect, think of a possible risk (Marshall v Osmand 1982). Standard for experts– where the defendant has some expertise, for example, he is a doctor carrying out medical treatment, then the standard of care is that which would normally be expected from a doctor. InBolam v Friern Hospital Management (1957)the judge said: A man need not possess the highest expert skill; it is †¦ sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of an ordinary competent man exercising that particular art. In some situations, it is difficult to know exactly what happened, although it is found obvious that the defendant was negligent. In these situations a rule calledres ipsa loquitur, which means (things speak for themselves) was developed by judges. It has to be shown that: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·The defendant was in control of the situation (causing injury). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·The injury was more likely than not to be caused by negligence. If the claimant proves these two things then the defendant has to prove that he was not negligent. This rule was shown in the case ofScott v London and St. Katherine Docks (1865)where the claimant was hit by six bags of sugar which fell from the defendant’s warehouse. The claimant could not say why the bags had fallen but the court ruled that the facts spoke for themselves and it was up to the defendant to prove that he was not negligent.

My Business Essay -- essays research papers

Personal Assessment: After doing comprehensive research I come to the conclusion, that by opening a Restaurant with Bosnian food would be very good business venture. By opening a restaurant with authentic Bosnian food within the Bosnian community of fifty thousand people would be very profitable. In a way risk free. My only concern is that this is my first time investing a large amount of money. Bosnian Food is very unique. Most Bosnian people have very busy schedules and they don’t have time to cook. My restaurant would feature traditional Bosnian food and atmosphere to make people feel as if they were in Bosnia. By opening this restaurant, families would be able to come to dine or to take food home that would make them feel at home and also employ many Bosnian people who can’t find jobs because of the language barrier. Uncontrollable variable in this case is that someone else may come up with the same idea shortly after I start my business. I want to start my own business for several reasons. My money, hard work, time, and effort would be invested in something that would, in the long run, benefit me, my family and also the Bosnian community. Research: Chicago is home to fifty thousand Bosnian people. Which makes it the largest Bosnian community in the United States. Bosnians started immigrating to United States in 1993Which means that this is a very young community with great potential. Memories of their homeland and home cooking are still very fresh in their minds and i...

A Street Car Names Desire Essay

A Street Car Named Desire deals with a culture clash between the Old South’s â€Å"plantation† mentality (priding itself on false pretenses) and the New South’s relatively uncivilized, yet real, grip on reality. The two characters who come to represent this tension are Blanche and Stanley Kowalski. Blanche advertises herself as a champion of â€Å"Southern Honor. † This entails an unfaltering dedication to virtue and culture. These are not, however, driving factors in her life but only mask her alcoholism and delusions of grandeur. By contrast, Stanley is an industrial worker who acts on habit and structure. Tennessee Williams juxtaposes illusion and reality by depicting the antagonistic relationship between the two by consistently employing symbolism. Blanche is constantly escaping the realities of life by retreating into her own fabrications. Her plummet into a delusional world begins when her beloved husband reveals himself to be gay and, soon after, shoots himself. She falls into a spiral of affairs after this event in a search to find emotional satisfaction and to reaffirm her womanhood. She ignores the obvious detrimental effect of her intimacies because all she wants is to be happy again: to be loved. Blanche physically escapes the reality of her life by leaving Belle Reve and Laurel to go to her sister’s home in New Orleans. Here, she misrepresents who she is and enters another relationship where she recreates her identity. When confronted about her lies, Blanche explains that she lies because she refuses to accept the hand fate has dealt her: I don’t want realism. I want magic! Yes, yes, magic! I try to give that to people. I misrepresent things to them. I don’t tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth. And if that is sinful, then let me be damned for it! (Williams, 34) Lying to herself and to others allows her to make life appear as she thinks it should be rather than as it is. Her final, deluded happiness (as her sister and Stanley commit her to an insane asylum) shows her acceptance that illusion is an adequate reality, but it also shows reality’s inevitable triumph. The driving force of reality, embodied by Stanley Kowalski, quickly dismantles all the falsities Blanche comes to represent. He is a practical man firmly grounded in the physical world who disdains fabrications. He finds meaning only in the primitive and straightforward: â€Å"There’s something downright bestial about him! †¦ He acts like an animal, has animal’s habits! †¦ Yes, something ape-like about him† (71). An animal would not create an alternate reality for a situation but would act according to the real, harshness of life in order to ensure its own survival. Stanley’s animal habits can be looked at as an appreciation only for tangible truths. In the end, Stanley succeeds in debunking all the false images Blanche created about herself. He goes out of his way to reveal Blanche’s past and then flaunts it in a crude, insensitive way: â€Å"Take a look at yourself here in a worn-out Mardi Gras outfit, rented for 50 cents from some rag-picker†¦ Do you know that I’ve been on to you from the start, and not once did you pull the wool over this boy’s eyes?†¦ Ha ha! Do you hear me? Ha ha ha† (67). Stanley again asserts his bestial tendency, but this time to show his dominance. When he proceeds to physically rape her, he metaphorically strips her of the false reality she created. Williams uses symbolism to show that Blanche is trapped in a life of delusion. The Varsouviana Polka and the use of light are reoccurring symbols that elude to her disconnect with reality. The Polka is the music that played the night her husband committed suicide. Blanche says that it ends only after she hears the sound of a gunshot in her head. It plays at various points in the play, symbolising this event that triggered her mental decline. Whenever a situation gets too â€Å"real,† Blanche firmly believes she hears the Varsouviana, panics, and looses her grip on reality. Also, throughout the play, Blanche avoids appearing in direct, bright light, especially in front of Mitch: â€Å"And turn that over-light off! Turn that off! I won’t be looked at in this merciless glare†(45). It is clear she avoids the lights in efforts to conceal the reality of her age and fading beauty. Symbolically, Blanche avoids light in order to prevent Mitch from seeing her for who she is. She, once again, retreats into her own world of illusion. Blanche is never able to be looked at â€Å"in the light† and exposed. She never faces reality. Both Stanley and Blanche have a hard time relating to the other gender without sexual implications. The difference is that Stanley is upfront about this â€Å"animalistic† behavior towards women, while Blanche tries to paint herself as above the primitive nature of her sexual impulses. We can call one approach realistic and the other delusional, but it doesn’t change the fact that both characters approach interactions in a sexual way. What does this say about the nature of what is real and what isn’t? Williams seems to draw an ambiguous line. This implies that reality and illusions coexist in our lives, and what we choose to label our views and actions is just a matter of perspective.