Marxism and the French Revolution - 1552 Words

Marxism is a clear-cut view of the French revolution. It gives a central role to the Bourgeoisie for being the main inspirators for its cause. This is due to the fact that it was widely believed to be them who stood to gain the most. Lefebvre was the main and most revered of all Marxist historians. His belief is that the year 1789 was the one in which the Bourgeoisie took power. They had been waiting for centuries in order to do this, according to Lefebvre, and when they had finally reached sufficient numbers and wealth they took the initiative. They owed most of their success to a shift of what was considered important in society. In medieval society, the landed Aristocracy had dominated. They owed much of their success and wealth to the land. This is not the case in the eighteenth century when the impetus changed and economic power, personal abilities and confidence became more desirable than land.1Although the Bourgeoisie was growing in vast numbers, the Nobility had one thing ove r on them, Social Status. This leads on to the main crux of the Marxist argument, that there was a class struggle between the Nobles and the Bourgeois. The Nobility were being left far behind and the Bourgeois were steaming ahead, getting wealthier and more powerful by the day. The Bourgeois were growing richer through Commerce and Industry. Ships left for the Levant, Africa, and the Caribbean in droves. Coal and Iron production was going full steam ahead, along with cloth-making and WesternShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Power Between Conservatism And Marxism1311 Words   |  6 Pages This essay will compare and contrast the concept of power between Conservatism and Marxism. 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The outcomes of the Revolution were many: its short comings led to the rise of the Napoleonic Regime and Robespierre’s reign through terror led other European revolutionaries to step back in fear. However, whilst the revolution failed to achieve all it had aimed to do; it did overthrow its monarchy, creating the first true European RepublicRead MoreMarxism-Leni nism in Vietnam Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesMarxism-Leninism in Vietnam In the region of Vietnam there had been many uprisings. All of these uprisings were for one reason, freedom. The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 years: self rule. In 1950 the United States, owing a debt of gratitude towards France, sent several advisors to aid French control in Vietnam. 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As our society has gradually been regressing further away from these prerequisite conditions, a number of new factors have become present that challenge the relevance of the Communist Manifesto. The first of these factors to be addressed is globalization in the modern world. Ever since the age of imperialism, globalization has servedRead MoreCultural Revolution And Its Effect On The World Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesStudents in Cultural Revolution in 1960s China In 1960s, the wave of revolution spread all over the world, as well in China. It is said that China was experiencing an energetic and fanatical revolution from 1966 to 1976 called â€Å"Culture Revolution† which was directed against some specific fields of Culture such as foreign capitalism literature and traditional customs. The purpose of the President Mao is to consolidate the regime and clean the opponents. But how could the people believe himRead MoreSociological Theories And Concepts Of Functionalism And Stratification1518 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the study which seeks to understand society, social life and to understand ourselves, humans, as part of that social world [Giddens, A, 2006, p.2]. The term ‘sociology’ was developed by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1838. Comte believed that scientific facts are able to explain the social world. Sociologists, such as Comte, study issues including: education, inequality and religion. Comte believed that sociologists play crucial roles in guiding society. In the 18th centuryRead MoreMarx s Theory On Class Conflict And Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesSince the french and industrial revolution in 18 century, the world had come to a new era: capitalist society. Capitalism represents a big step forward in human productive abilities compared with previous forms of society. Along with the social development, there was a new group of people who was called the sociologist who analyze and try to understand how this society works. Marx was one of them and his ideas were influential. His theory mostly emphasis on class conflict and the society from economic

Analytic Paper. A Moment Of Silence A Silent Period Taken

Analytic Paper A moment of silence: a silent period taken for contemplation, prayer, or reflections. This phrase is often used as a gesture of respect when mourning the loss of someone. For most people this ritual is seldomly used. However, this phrase is all too familiar to the students of Harper High School located in Chicago, Illinois. Teens in this area are exposed to a life of gangs, violence, and murders. The social location of these students is immensely different for most high school students making their norms look like mores compared to most of society. In 2012, 29 current and recent students of this high school were shot, which is unimaginable for a large majority of the American population. A two part podcast created by, This†¦show more content†¦Principal Sanders calls the seniors, her babies. She uses this term frequently throughout the podcast. This could be seen as a folkway, principals do not typically call their students their â€Å"babies†. However, the students love it. It makes them feel loved and that she is like a mother figure to them. An article titled, â€Å"Symbolic Interactions and the Development of Women Leaders in Higher Education†, written by Andrea Gallent, Gallent comes to the conclusion that for a woman to be a good leader in education, she needs to unitize soft skills (Gallent 2014: 213). These soft skills include nurturing, communicators, and relationship focused. This is why principal Sanders is such an inspiring leader at Harper High School. She uses the soft skills to instill trust within the student body. She and the faulty strategically uses language like this to create a loving and safe environment, something that these students often do not experience. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that language determines our consciousness (Henslin 2016:46). In other words, language shapes one’s reality. Crystal Smith is a dearly loved counselor who works in the Social Work Office. She is known for spreading words of encouragement. She is constantly telling her students, â€Å"I m so proud of you. I see you trying hard† and â€Å"Let me appreciate you in advance†(Glass, Ira. 2013). This is such a powerful statement that she uses. She is telling her students that she knows theirShow MoreRelatedRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pageslandscape photography. The second (Fig. 2) is a lithographic copy of the first, produced for the publication of Clarence Kings Systematic Geology in 1878. Twentieth-century sensibility welcomes the original OSullivan as a model of the mysterious, silent beauty to which landscape photography had access during the early decades of the medium. In the photograph, three bulky masses of rock are seen as if deployed on a kind of abstract, transparent chessboard, marking by their separate positions a retreatingRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagescondition on an y acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335–4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–928336–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ Michael Bromwich is an exemplar of all that is good about the BritishRead MoreAgency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pagesleast half their membership comprised of inside and affiliated members; that percentage is now 17.3% (National Association of Corporate Directors, 2005). Lastly, many of these inside and affiliated board members have not been replaced; over a similar period, the total number of directors on the average board has decreased from 13.3 to 10.7 (Spencer Stuart, 2005a). * As noted, many observers would suggest that these changes toward board independence through the reduction in inside and affiliated directorsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProcessing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information Overload 353 †¢ Emotions 353 †¢ Language 354 †¢ Silence 354 †¢ Communication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 †¢ Cultural Context 357 †¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Implications for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Am I a GossipRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessociology. I. Duberley, Joanne. II. Johnson, Phil, 1955III. Title. HM786.M33 2007 302.3’5—dc22 2006022347 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12.5 pt sabon by 72 Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. . Brief Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? ModernistRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages† â€Å"How can I invigorate those who feel outdated and left behind?† â€Å"How do I help the ‘survivors’ of a downsizing pick up the pieces and move on?† â€Å"How do I help people with very different agendas and philosophies work together, especially during periods of high stress and uncertainty?† Anyone tempted to dismissively argue that the answers to these questions are â€Å"common sense† would do well to recall Will Rogers’ pithy observation: â€Å"Common sense ain t common.† In addition, the research reported inRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagescan transform your firm’s document processes to create revenue while driving up productivity. Result? Improved top and bottom lines. 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Professional Development of Nurses-Free-Samples for Students

Question: How the integration of subjective and objective signs and Symptoms and Medications impact on the Care provided to the Patient. Answer: Introduction Critical reflection pertaining to nursing practice is a systematic and logical process of thinking and reflecting on own practice in order to highlight the aspects of own practice requiring further development. Research has indicated critical reflection as a professional practice skill that aids in the professional development of nurses. Critical reflection skills hold much value in the nursing field since they help in prioritizing major decisions and achieving better patient outcomes. Further, it can be referred to as an extension of critical thinking through which helps the nurse to solve queries by probing questions. In addition, it moves beyond examining the past experiences and focuses on applying the gained knowledge in the future (Mill et al. 2016). The present paper is a critical reflection written on the basis of a nursing patient care case study that aims to demonstrate critical ability. The paper focuses on four major aspects of nursing care for demonstrating critical reflection. First, it discusses how the integration of subjective and objective signs and symptoms and medications impact on the care provided to the patient. Secondly, it identifies the elements of care that are required due to the events in the simulation scenario. Further, it highlights the role of inter professional collaboration in this case study, lastly, it discusses the particular psychosocial issues arising in the case. The case study selected, from Case World, for the present critical reflection focuses on the patient named Adam Knight, a 20-year-old man who has suffered acquired brain injury after a car accident. The patient has deficits related to mobility, memory loss and the ability to engage in a social interaction with the peers. He is in need o f an effective community based long term support services as he is suffering from isolation. The focus of the case study analysis is acute pain and management strategies for the same would be highlighted in the paper (School of Nursing Midwifery 2014). Discussion How integration of objective and subjective signs and symptoms and medications impact care According to Morton et al. (2017), nursing care delivery is influenced to a significant extent by the integration of objective and subjective signs and symptoms and medications provided. From the case study and simulation, it has been found that Adam has undergone an acute injury in his head and fractures as a result of the accident and is awaiting CT scan. He is found to be in a drowsy state though the ICP is normal. As highlighted by Wintermark et al. (2015) a head injury is suffered by a patient due to trauma to the skull, brain or scalp. Such injuries might be either penetrating, in which the bone or skin can be broken, or closed, in which there is no cut to the skin. Head injuries lead to different symptoms whose cause is dependent upon the impact of the injury. Such symptoms might be developing immediately after the trauma or gradually afterwards. Head injuries are treated depending upon the type of injury suffered by the patient. The condition of the patient also influences the type of treatment that is to be decided on. It is crucial that an appropriate diagnosis tool is used for assessing the severity of he injury suffered to the head. From the widely used examination tools available for neurologic and physical testing, the commonly used test is CT scan. Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the head utilises special X-ray equipment for producing multiple images of the brain nd the head. This is done for detection of any brain swelling, bleeding, brain injury or skull fractures (Levin and Diaz-Arrastia 2015). The authors point out that CT scans are valuable under conditions when the patient is found to have loss of consciousness. In the present case, Adam has been found to be in a drowsy state. Following a head injury, there might be a damage suffered to the blood vessels besides the brain or to the brain itself. In case a blood vessel is damaged, there are high chances that blood is supplied into the brain. The most common feature of such a condition is drowsiness. The patient has undergone surgery to remove the left subdural haematoma and for repairing the right fractured tibia and fibula. The patient has been in much pain after he has regained consciousness and subsequently an increased dose of 4/24 analgesia has been ordered. Analgesia is used for relieving patients from pain. Pain management forms an integral element of patient care with the prime objective of the care plan to reduce pain level. The rationale for this is the fact that effective pain management ensures that associated patient complications are also handled in an effective manner (Song et al. 2015). The patient is also found to have right hemiparesis (School of Nursing Midwifery 2014). Hemiparesis is the condition wherein the patient has weakness on one particular side of the body due to medical complications such as trauma or injury as he has suffered vehicle injury. This condition needs to be looked into by the nurse for preventing further impairment to the body part (Mark and Taub 2017). Elements of care due to events of simulation scenario The nursing practice elements that would be considered for the reflection paper are acute adult injuries, acute pain and medication reaction. The patient has suffered acute injuries to his head. As highlighted by Morton et al. (2017) acute injuries to the head leads to frequent death or disability at large. Acute pain management is an essential component of nursing care services. Pain is a complex, subjective, and multidimensional concept which is referred to as a highly unpleasant experience (Lehne and Rosenthal 2014). Analgesia is commonly administered to the patients for relieving them from the pain, suffering and alleviating them form adverse psychological and physiological issues. In the present case, Adam has been having altered levels of consciousness, and thus acute pain management is imperative. From the case study, it is found that Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC) had dropped as per the handover and his RR is 8. The medication had been changed from subcutaneous morphine to fentanyl 500 mircograms/mizadolam 50 mgs in a 50 mls syringe infusion. Subcutaneous morphineinjections are more acceptable and comfortable as compared to intramuscular ones. Boluses of subcutaneous morphine are often more effective for acute severe pain than commencing an infusion. In addition, he had been administered Naloxone. In the present case, the GCS had dropped, indicating that the patient had been suffering from severe head injuries. As pointed out by Adams and Urban (2015) fentanyl is an excellent analgesic that acts as a local anaesthesia and has been proved to give better patient outcomes as compared to morphine. It is for patients who are tolerant to opioids. Naloxone is a drug used for reversing or blocking the actions of opioid medications that include loss of consciousness, slowed breathing and drowsiness. This medication was, therefore, suitable for Adam as he had been suffering from all these three symptoms. The low readings in RR are due to injuries in the lungs shortly after the injury to the brain and subsequent damage. The mechanisms include inflammation, pulmonary oedema and autonomic system dysfunction (Lehne and Rosenthal 2014). Role of inter professional collaboration The role of a multidimensional team is extremely important in such a scenario as Adam requires more than one type of treatment. Here, the diagnosis and treatment suggestion of the doctor as well as the therapeutic treatment of the nurses will not provide him with enough chance to get back into the normal life because of the different effects the brain injury had on the different aspects of his life. Besides, he also had surgery in his tibia and fibula which had also affected in his mobility. Moreover, the brain injury had resulted in his memory loss incidences and also in social exclusion. All these had to be correctly figured out by the different professionals of the multidisciplinary team as the doctor and nurses will not be able to handle each and every symptom with equal expertise than the experts in each field can do (Bosch et al. 2016). In such a scenario, effective teamwork is essential so that every professional in the team communicate with each other about Adams present heal th, their observation as well as their suggestions for proceeding with the care. Every member should conduct meetinhs and update their observations at a frequent rate so that the response observed from Adam in each of the interventions form different professionals can be jotted down and a comprehensive monitoring of his recovery of health can be measured. Each and every member should involve in effective teamwork and proper communication with each other. These would ensure that every of Adams symptoms are noted and acted upon after a group meeting and taking suggestions from every members of the team. A team where members are united and more connected to each other regarding updates of patients will be able to handle cases more efficiently. The multidisciplinary team who will help the patient to overcome all his negative symptoms and come back to a normal life will be comprised of the doctor (Dr), nurses, physiotherapist (PT), occupational therapist (OT), speech pathologist (SP), neuropsychologist, and social worker (SW). The Doctor who will be assisting his case will be mainly responsible for diagnosing the different symptoms faced by Adam and will eventually plan and prescribe medications. He will be in discussion with the pharmacist about the medications whether those would bring the best result for adults. He will also be interactive with the nurses to design her care plan for Adam as his guidance would be helpful for the nurses treatment to be more effective. Moreover, he can also take part in the allocation of members of the multidisciplinary team as he is the primary individual who is aware of the different initiatives that would make Adams treatment more fruitful (Dharm-Dutta et al. 2015). Moreover, association of the nurse with the other specialist are also necessary so that the nurse can develop her intervention accordingly depending on the reports of all the specialists. He is also having severe pain from his surgery of the limbs and therefore proper pain management is extremely important. Here nurses require to properly taking interventions which would be managing his pain properly. They need to develop a proper therapeutic relationship with the patient so that they can also help him to overcome their frustrations he is having by striking the right conversation and providing a good guidance to tackle the present situation (Bosch et al., 2016). The better the patient feels under their care, there would be more chance of his fast recovery. The nurses should properly communicate with the other profession also and set up a treatment plan where each of the professional will have allocated time for providing their treatment and here is no clash of timing or power. Besides, they would be also responsible for providing correct medication administration (Cassidy et al., 2014). The nurse should regularly measure the vital signs, hemodynamic variables, specifi c gravity and others. She should administer IV fluids to maintain hydration. Providing him assistance in turning, coughing and deep breathing will prevent pooling of secretions. The nurse should also communicate to understand whether he is having any anxiety or not which affect him (Karch Karch, 2016). Physiotherapists would be mainly responsible for improving his balance and walking with increased ability to retain normal patterns of movement, increase affected leg function, decrease the risk of falls and to increase energy levels. The speech therapists will mainly help the patient to live independently by developing his cognitive problems and also helping him in his communication issues (Sutter and Harvey 2016). The neuropsychologists are mainly helpful in conducting various tests and differential diagnosis which help them to understand the parts of the brain that are affected and hence the various symptoms that are visible. This explanation is provided to doctors and nurses so that they can prepare their treatment plan accordingly. Social workers will mainly help to make the life of Adam better by providing him support to every aspect of his life by helping him to conduct his activities independently, collaborating with family members and educating them for better support to Ada m (Fernandez et al. 2013). They also help Adam to develop his skills and performances in everyday life gradually making him cope up with his condition and try his best to overcome challenges. All these would assure him to come back to his normal life. Nurses are one of the most important professionals as they remain associated with the patients overall care. They also communicate with the entire specialist individually as well as in comprehensively so that they can prepare interventions which are in accordance to the current needs of patient. In case of Adam, nurse would play a crucial role by maintaining communication among all members and also providing a compassionate and empathetic care for the patient. Psychosocial issues arising in the case A number of psychosocial issues arise from the case. It is seen that due to brain injury, Adam is suffering from frequent incidences of memory losses and is also suffering from social exclusion. As he is not being able to properly communicate with his peers, he is experiencing a sense of uneasiness that is causing him to be socially excluded. Social exclusion, at such a tender age of adulthood, when persons try to make friends and new relationships and enjoy life has made him frustrated (Morton et al. 2017). Due to difficulty in the patients communication methods, he might not be able to express his pain concerns pt the nurse which might affect his health in a negative way. The nurse should make sure that she measures his pain score assessment in a proper manner. She should also educate Adam about how he can easily communicate or call nurses when he needs assistance or needs pain management. The nurse would conduct PCA by setting up alarms, being alert for his summons, being steady a nd so on. Development of a sense of depression may act a as a potential issue due to being dependent on other for daily activities of life. For this in future, he may be facing difficulty in maintaining social relationships which also may affect his emotional well being. This could lead to potential issue of the present condition of the patient. Moreover, this sudden change of life styles which are making him compromise many favourite activities of him is also affecting him mentally (Arcinieges and Wortzel 2014). All these will lead him to depression which might cause him to either withdraw himself completely or will make him aggressive hence, correct treatment and companionship are very necessary now to give him a proper quality life. Recommendation Critically reflecting on the care process delivered to a patient is useful in understanding the means of delivering a comprehensive care. A comprehensive assessment would enure that all patient problems are highlighted adequately. Advanced medical diagnosis is the key to outline a suitable nursing care plan aligned with the needs of the patient. The prime nursing care elements arising form the case study are acute injuries, acute pain and oversedation. Acute injuries are associated with a trauma suffered by the individual wherein the body undergoes a negative change in the concerned area, leading ot multiple adverse reactions. In the present case, the patient had suffered acute injuries to his head. Acute pain is the prime nursing diagnosis as it is a protective function acting to inform the patient about the injury suffered. Medication reaction is a valuable care aspect since medications doses and administration route are to be modified as per the need of the patient. Safe and effec tive care of patients needs to include maintaining a balance between the provision of pain relief, monitoring for appropriate use of prescribed medications and other substances, and recommendations for viable treatment alternatives. Rehabilitation would be the key nursing approach for Adam. The nurse would need to assist Adam in adopting an altered lifestyle and provide him with appropriate resources to develop and implement a proper discharge plan. Coordination of nursing care activities in collaboration with other members of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team to facilitate achievement of overall goals is important. A holistic approach is needed in this case. A multidisciplinary team aids in the complete and comprehensive care plan for the patient. After analysisng the treatment options and the results of the assessment done, it had been highlighted that the primary goal for the patient would be maximising his abilities to lead to a normal life. Each professional from the team would deliver care in a manner that addresses different issues the patient has been suffering from. The professionals involved in the care plan of Adam were doctor nurses, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech pathologist , neuropsychologist, and social worker. There are a number of psychosocial issues arising in the case study. Inability to communicate with peers lead to isolation and frustration that the patient might find difficult to handle. This can be aggravated by the fact that Adam is struggling to become independent. A sudden change of lifestyle affects the emotional well being of the patient as well. Nursing care for the patient must, therefore, include this aspect of care in order to provide a comprehensive care service. The goal of rehabilitation for the patient would be to assist him to overcome his disability in mobility for maintaining maximum functioning. References Adams, M. and Urban, C.Q., 2015.Pharmacology: Connections to nursing practice(p. 1552). Prentice Hall. Arciniegas, D.B. and Wortzel, H.S., 2014. Emotional and behavioral dyscontrol after traumatic brain injury.Psychiatric Clinics,37(1), pp.31-53. Bosch, M., Tavender, E.J., Brennan, S.E., Knott, J., Gruen, R.L. and Green, S.E., 2016. The many organisational factors relevant to planning change in emergency care departments: a qualitative study to inform a cluster randomised controlled trial aiming to improve the management of patients with mild traumatic brain injuries.PloS one,11(2), p.e0148091. Cassidy, J.D., Cancelliere, C., Carroll, L.J., Ct, P., Hincapi, C.A., Holm, L.W., Hartvigsen, J., Donovan, J., Nygren-de Boussard, C., Kristman, V.L. and Borg, J., 2014. Systematic review of self-reported prognosis in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation,95(3), pp.S132-S151. Dharm-Datta, S., Gough, M.R., Porter, P.J., Duncan-Anderson, J., Olivier, E., McGilloway, E. and Etherington, J., 2015. Successful outcomes following neurorehabilitation in military traumatic brain injury patients in the United Kingdom.Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,79(4), pp.S197-S203. Fernndez-Espejo, D. and Owen, A.M., 2013. Detecting awareness after severe brain injury.Nature Reviews. Neuroscience,14(11), p.801. Lehne, R.A. and Rosenthal, L., 2014.Pharmacology for Nursing Care-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Levin, H.S. and Diaz-Arrastia, R.R., 2015. Diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury.The Lancet Neurology,14(5), pp.506-517. Mark, V. and Taub, E., 2017. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Chronic Hemiparesis: Neuroscience Evidence from Basic Laboratory Research and Quantitative Structural Brain MRI in Patients with Diverse Disabling Neurological Disorders (S43. 003).Neurology,88(16 Supplement), pp.S43-003. Mill, J.E., Allen, M.N. and Morrow, R.A., 2016. Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(2). Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Roozenbeek, B., Maas, A.I. and Menon, D.K., 2013. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury.Nature Reviews Neurology,9(4), pp.231-236 School of Nursing Midwifery, 2014., Case Worlld- Adam Knight, Fliners University, South Australia. Song, W., Eaton, L.H., Gordon, D.B., Hoyle, C. and Doorenbos, A.Z., 2015. Evaluation of evidence-based nursing pain management practice.Pain Management Nursing,16(4), pp.456-463. Suter, P.S. and Harvey, L.H. eds., 2016.Vision rehabilitation: multidisciplinary care of the patient following brain injury. CRC Press. Wintermark, M., Sanelli, P.C., Anzai, Y., Tsiouris, A.J., Whitlow, C.T. and Institute, A.H.I., 2015. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques.Journal of the American College of Radiology,12(2), pp.e1-e14.

United States Citizens

Citizenship is the ability of a person to be considered a citizen of a given political and social community. Social contract theory states that when a person has a citizenship status, he is given rights and responsibilities. Active citizenship, therefore, means that all citizens are supposed to strive toward making their community better.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United States Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be done through activities such as active participation in economic activities, volunteer duties, and also engaging in other public duties. A person normally acquires citizenship if he or she satisfies the legal principles in a certain state or country. A citizen is expected to adhere to the laws that are practiced in his or her country and he should also defend his country against its enemies. Citizenship generally defines how citizens should relate with their government. T he concept of citizenship is treated differently in various nations. â€Å"In some countries, citizenship can mean a citizen has the right to vote, the right to hold government offices, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligation† (Schama, 1990). For instance, â€Å"Australia citizens are allowed to participate in voting, they can contest for public office, and they can also join the military if they are willing† (Akramov, 2009). The fact that a person is residing in a given country does not make him to be considered a citizen of that country. An individual that has migrated to another country is always considered to be an alien. The rights and obligations of aliens are normally defined by the laws of the country where they live. For example, if an individual moves to U.S.A, he will be expected to behave like other normal U.S citizens. In this case, he will have to pay taxes, also adhere to the laws. Legal aliens may be protect ed by the law, and they can also acquire property and carry out business activities. However, aliens are not allowed to participate in political processes such as voting. Citizenry refers to all categories of citizens. â€Å"In modern times, citizenship is divided between right of blood and right of soil nations† (Romero, 2005). Right of blood in this case means that a person is given citizenship on the basis of nation state concept and this is common in Europe. For example, an individual may be considered a citizen due to his ancestral or ethnic background in that country. On the other hand, the right of soil refers to a situation in which an individual acquires citizenship by virtue of having been born in a given territory or nation.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marriage is one of the ways through which an individual can acquire citizenship. Naturalizatio n is also another process that can be used to get citizenship in some nations. â€Å"In recent years, some intergovernmental organizations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level, where it is applied to the totality of the citizens in their constituent countries† (Akramov, 2009). Citizenship education is today taught in many countries as part of the school syllabus. This is always meant to make citizens know what is expected of them as citizens. It also enables students to learn more about their rights and obligations. Citizenship curriculum gives students conviction and confidence in order for them to relate with others properly, and bring positive changes in their communities. Last but more importantly, it teaches students to be responsible both morally and socially. History of Citizenship Even though historical development indicates that democracy has developed to be a fundamental spect of modern social organization, the concept of democratic citizenship has always been suppressed, in the process of developing democratic processes. Citizenship is believed to have started in ancient Greece when a constitutional government was introduced in the city states. The concept of democratic citizenship or classic model of democracy started in Greece. It enabled citizens to participate in governing their states. â€Å"This means that governance was citizenship and citizenship was governance† (Manville, 1990). Citizenship was also seen as part of achieving maturity. It was only citizens that could be regarded as adult members of society, and people could only become adults through citizenship. Rosenberg contends that Solan is the one who introduced citizenship. Solon stressed on equality of all members of society. He noted that the rich individuals always used their wealth to influence and dominate people. He saw democracy as the only viable means of reversing inequality. Pesistrator is another indi vidual who improved the rights that were accorded to the ordinary man. Apart from this, he also introduced nobility which was practiced with reference to the law. In the fourth century, Cleisthenes developed classical democracy. He achieved this by raising the number of Athenian tribes from four to ten. In this case, each tribe appointed its leader. People were also clustered into units, and this facilitated the formation of new tribes. During the practice of classic democracy, the idea of citizenship was exercised both at family and neighborhood levels. As civic institutions became prominent, citizenship became increasingly necessary. A citizen had to be an Athenian or if an individual was an Athenian he was regarded as a citizen. The behavior of an individual also became apparent in private and public spheres. Being part of a family determined ones citizenship. Non Athenians could only be citizens if they joined a given family or tribe. Aristotle defined a citizen as a person who participated or contributed to the decisions and development of his city.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United States Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to him, a citizen is one who has been born by two citizens. He also stated that a responsible citizen should be in a position to rule others, and he should also be ready to be ruled by other individuals. He considered this to be a virtue. A citizen should also engage in state politics. Democracy in Greece remained weak and incomplete until 1789. Development of citizenship is normally classified into two phases. The first phase preceded the French Revolution, while the second one emerged after the French Revolution. In the first phase, a person was only a citizen if he participated in politics and development. In Sparta, land was not regarded as a prerequisite for acquiring citizenship. Moreover, only few people could be allowed to vot e and occupy public office in Sparta. Citizenship was also treated as a privilege in both Sparta, and Athens. The only difference was that there was a great struggle against democracy in Sparta. The Greeks also encouraged self government. Nonetheless, their democracy was not effective and it was partially practiced. Self government led to coexistence among subcultures. This form of ethnic allegiance is still manifested even today in those countries. In 509 B.C., the people in Rome started constructing a new empire based on laws and citizenship was considered important. The introduction of the new empire brought the monarchy to an end. Despite the making of the Roman Empire a republic, they failed to practice democratic principles. The Roman Empire was based on democratic universal citizenship of free men, and a stoic notion of the universal brother hood of mankind. â€Å"Greece provided participatory citizen democracy, while Rome provided universal citizenship† (West, 1979). This gave rise to two different concepts about citizenship, which were both adopted in U.S.A. The first set of democracy refers to citizens’ service as well as allegiance to the country. The second one is about the rights and privileges that citizens are given. In this case, the citizens also have some obligations. For example, they can contribute in government decision making and implementation. In Rome, citizenship was not restricted to the people who were born within its territory. However, this was not the case in Athens where citizenship was only granted to the people who were born there. The Romans allowed foreigners to acquire their citizenship. In Rome, individuals who had active citizenship were supposed to offer a service of twenty days to the government within a year.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development and spread of Christianity in Rome also influenced citizenship. Christianity changed how the Romans perception of life, hence, it also affected their values. Christianity advocated for a different loyalty. It encouraged people to be loyal to themselves and the church rather than being loyal to the government. Civic virtue and the value of citizenship waned as the Christian values became more prminent. Nonetheless, citizenship was still able to thrive. â€Å"The second concept of citizenship was encouraged by the writings of Montaigne, Bacon, Shakespeare, Hobbes, Locke, and Franklin† (Rousseau, 1968). Citizenship was also able to develop due to economic advancement of the people in Europe. The reformation period also partly contributed to the development of citizenship. Althusius also reinforced the idea that a person is made a citizen through the service he offers to the society. He also introduced modern federalism. Aliens became protected by the laws of Engl and from the seventeenth century. They were allowed to acquire land, but the king still had the power to use land. This sparked protests from citizens, but the protests were not very serious. In France, the middle ages also experienced much focus on protection of citizens in exchange for taxes. This system continued even during renaissance. For example, Montesquieu described the obligations of a citizen and he also defined citizenship in terms of liberty and equality. Rousseau also talked about the ideas of Montesquieu and he also came up with his thoughts about the virtuous citizen. Rousseau envisaged a new society that would have equality, and civism. He also emphasized on the need for education. He felt that liberty would only thrive if people were educated. Rousseau’s emphasis on education also led to the development of republicanism. Hobbes and Locke analyzed citizenship in terms of civic virtue of the society. Hobbes stressed on the influence of a person in the society. On the hand, Locke stressed on a person’s role acquiring resources and also assisting the government. Montesquieu believed that a good citizen is one that bides to the rules, is loyal, and also productive. Development of liberalism led to the practice of democracy by the people in America. â€Å"Liberal concepts such as individualism, republicanism, liberty, equality, and fairness were embraced† (Hobsbawm, 1996). Dietz highlighted the liberal concepts as follows. Liberal thinking leads to economic advancement. Society should provide an opportunity to people so that they can realize their potential. Individuals are the ones that benefit from formal right and those rights are supposed to be accessed by everyone on an equal basis. People also have the capacity to think rationally hence they have intrinsic worth. â€Å"The shortcomings of liberalism can be identified in the legal concepts of rights, interests, contracts, individualism, and negative liberty† (Anders on, 2006). After French Revolution there was a tremendous growth of democracy and citizenship in Europe. American democracy was developed from the classic ideas of citizenship. Democracy and citizenship have to day become part of Americans’ traditions. As western civilization advanced, democracy, and citizenship were also influenced. The struggle for dominance between the church and the state also jeopardized the development of democracy and citizenship. The monarchy also tried to sustain its power and this also frustrated citizenship and democracy. As civilization and Christianity gained popularity, the citizenship thoughts and democracy that had been initially suppressed began to thrive. The monarchy was retained in England and it ruled through parliament. However, the idea of allegiance emerged in America, and it led to the creation of self government and democracy. Democratic government was able to flourish through the citizenship values. Today the pioneer spirit is still continuing, and the Americans still strive for more democratic space as John Dewey envisaged. United States Citizenship In America, citizenship started during the period of colonialism. During this time, people came together to find solutions to the common challenges that they faced. Apart from this, they also actively engaged in decision making. For example, they could attend public debates where democratic issues were always discussed. This kind of relationship was altered by some issues and one of them was the need to grow economically. Therefore, people stopped contributing toward decision making. Citizenship became more articulated in terms of rights and privileges and people no longer saw it in terms of political participation. Citizenship in U.S enables the citizens to enjoy various opportunities which are provided to them through the rights and privileges. For example, they can get federal assistance and they also have access to services offered by the government. â€Å"Ci tizenship in the United States is a status given to individuals that entails specific rights, duties, privileges, and benefits between the United States and the individual† (Huntington, 2004). The constitution has a citizenship clause that defines how a person can acquire citizen. Therefore, citizenship can be obtained through the following mechanisms. Birth right citizenship is normally offered when a child is born within the territory of U.S. This provision is found in the fourteenth amendment. This amendment states that a person an individual that is born or naturalized within the U.S is considered its citizen and he or she must respect the laws. Children who have not attained the minimum age of eighteen years are normally not allowed to vote because they are minors. Eighteen years is the age at which children are given the right to have full citizenship. A person’s citizenship remains intact until he dies, unless it is revoked by the government through a legal proce dure. Citizenship is part of the high school course work, and it is meant prepare students to become responsible citizens. Maternity citizenship has been debated and some people consider it to be a loophole through which some people acquire citizenship. In this case, some people claim that some women normally move to U.S illegally so that they can have a chance to reproduce and claim citizenship. Illegal immigrants have increased because of maternity citizenship. Naturalization is the second means of acquiring citizenship. In this case, a person who was born in another territory that is not part of U.S can be granted citizenship through successful application. An applicant for citizenship is supposed to meet the following conditions. First, he should be law abiding and also morally upright. Secondly, he must have stayed in the country for not less than five years. The applicant should be able to interpret the constitution. In addition to these, he should know English. They are also supposed to do and pass a compulsory citizenship test. Immigrants who are willing to serve in the military can be allowed to be citizens. Citizens’ contribution to civic activities is not obligatory in U.S. For example, there is no need for a person to attend public gatherings. Even being a member of a certain political party is not important. Some scholars contend that such a trend is likely to affect the future of democracy. Dual citizenship is a situation where a person legally belongs to many nations. American law enables people to acquire multiple citizenships. In this case, if a person is a U.S citizen, he can still go to another country and acquire another citizenship. A citizen can renounce or restore his or her citizenship depending on an individual’s choice. A person who is naturalized in U.S is supposed to renounce the citizenship he had before. â€Å"However, this renunciation may not necessarily be considered effective by the country of prior citizenshipà ¢â‚¬  (Einstein, 2001). Some people contend that dual citizenship affects patriotic assimilation of Americans and it may also undermine American sovereignty. Nonetheless, the effects of dual citizenship are perceived to be less pernicious by others. Dual citizenship also enables the people who have it own property and work. Honorary citizenship can be granted in exceptional cases to specific individuals who have demonstrated outstanding services to the country. Seven citizenships of this kind have been warded. For example, Mother Teresa and Sir Winston Churchill are among the few individuals who got honorary citizenship. The relatives of non- citizen soldiers who have died fighting for U.S can be given some assistance. American citizenship is really valued by many people especially the immigrants who really struggle to get. This is because citizens have access to so many privileges and rights that can enable them to live comfortably. Such rights may not be found in other countries and this indicates the varying nature of citizenship in different territories. Aliens normally do not benefit from some privileges. For example, they usually do not have access to better employment and government services. Mexican Immigrants Apart from U.S citizens, there are many individuals who work and live U.S illegally. Such individuals do not have proper reasons and documentations for being in that country. They are therefore treated as illegal immigrants. â€Å"Illegal immigration has numerous and complex causes, but in general, it consists of people from poor countries seeking a better life opportunities in more developed countries† (Romero, 2005). Illegal migrations are not allowed because they normally lead to many challenges in the countries where they move to. In U.S illegal immigrants can face many charges including deportation if they are detected by the authorities. Mexico is the largest source of immigrants in U.S. and one fifth of the total population of lega l immigrants living America, are Mexicans. Their large number is attributed to the revision of immigration acts, which have made migration to U.S quite easy. Most of the illegal immigrants in U.S are also from Mexico. The number of illegal immigrants from Mexico is also growing very fast compared to the ones that are having proper documents. â€Å"Migration from Mexico to the United States has accelerated rapidly to the point where about nine percent of the population born in Mexico is now living in the United States† (Huntington, 2004). This trend is not likely to reduce any soon despite economic decline and the tight security measures that have been adopted to check on illegal migrations. Most of illegal immigrants are always trying to secure better financial opportunities by looking for jobs and good social services in U.S. This is because many people in Mexico do not have access to formal employment, and decent services. Poverty is also prevalent in Mexico, and this encou rages most of them to move out of the country. When some jobs are created in their country, they can never meet the ever growing demand for employment opportunities. The jobs in Mexico are also having low payments with poor incentives. The distance between Mexico and United States is also short and it contributes to the high rate of immigrants from Mexico. At present, Mexicans form a substantial population in U.S and they have also developed an influential social group in U.S. â€Å"Mexican American culture will continue to shape U.S. life in language, politics, food, and daily living and will help define the nation’s identity for a new century† (Huntington, 2004). Kurds in Syria Among the minority tribes in Syria, Kurds are the largest and they occupy approximately ten percent of the population in the country. Majority of Kurds is Sunni Muslims. In addition to this, there are also Yazidi and Yarsan Kurds. A few of them are Christians. The Kurds have always faced myria d challenges due to the fact that the Syrian government discriminate them. Most of the Kurds originally migrated from Turkey to Syria in the 1920s. Kurds are also found in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. The Syrian government for a very long time has refused to recognize the Kurds as legal citizens of Syria. Syria lacks proper census and this makes it difficult for one to determine the exact number of Kurds in the country. Kurds mainly stay in the North Eastern part of Syria. In 1962, about twenty percent of Kurds’ citizenships in Syria were renounced by the government. This move was, however, criticized by many activists who saw it as inhuman treatment. According to the government, the Kurds gradually migrated to Syria and settled in various cities, and they finally formed a substantial population. It was also noted that many Kurds could use dubious methods to acquire citizenship. Most of the Kurds migrated to Syria with an aim of getting better economic opportunities. This majorly happened after the government carried out agricultural reforms. In this regard, Kurds wanted to buy property and get employment opportunities. For along time, many Kurds living in this country have been unable to access basic social and political rights, and this has barred them from advancing economically, and politically. Since many of them have not been allowed to become citizens, they have always engaged in demonstrations in order to compel the government to register them. Out of such protests, the government finally agreed to register some of them, but they were registered separately as immigrants. This means they are still treated like second class individuals in Syria. â€Å"With the citizenship, they move from third-class inhabitants to second-class citizens with the rest of the Kurds in Syria who are already citizens† (Davis, 1997). Nonetheless, they can now benefit from the Syrian rights. For example, they can participate in political processes through voting, and t hey can also own property, and get jobs in the government offices. The Syrians only recognize the Arabs as the only original citizens. This is meant to foster unity among the Arabs by eliminating other minority tribes. This clause is actually part of their national constitution. This means that Kurds cannot have similar rights with Arabs. It is therefore impossible to change their status. This means that Kurds are not having a chance to be treated as Kurdish citizens in that country. They should therefore stop identifying themselves as Kurdish citizens. Despite the few reforms that have been made to make the Kurds have a better life in Syria, they still face some challenges. For example, in Syria no education is offered in Kurdish language. Secondly, they are not supposed show the Kurdish identity by any means. There is no public media that uses Kurdish language. Foreigners are also not able to claim land ownership. â€Å"From this we may conclude that part of the rationale for the census was to deprive Kurds in the area from obtaining land† (Davis, 1997). These limitations have led to the undermining of Kurds and they are only left with the option of assimilating themselves into Arab culture. United Arab Emirates Citizenship â€Å"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven semi-autonomous emirates, with an estimated resident population of 4.5 million, of which only 21 percent are citizens† (Arthur, 1996). The federation is under the leadership of a supreme council that acts as the executive body. Institutions are not elected through a democratic process. Elections do exist but citizens can inform their leaders about their concerns and opinions. Citizenship is offered in the United Arab Emirates based on the constitutional guidelines. In UAE, a person is granted a citizenship status by the following processes. First, if a person is born within this territory he can be recognized as a citizen. However, this process may in some cases n ot lead to automatic citizenship. Marriage also enables women whose spouses are UAE citizens to acquire citizenship. In this case, such a woman must live for more than three years within UAE. She is also expected to renounce her former citizenship. Lastly, she should also seek from the authorities. Naturalization is also applicable in UAE, and it granted to immigrants. The conditions for naturalization vary depending on ones nationality. For example, Arab immigrants take a shorter duration to meet the naturalization requirements that other immigrants. There is no opportunity for people to have dual citizenship. An individual can willingly renounce his or her UAE citizen citizenship and the law permits this. This is called voluntary renunciation. Besides this, an individual’s citizenship may sometimes be renounced under the following cases. First, if a person got citizenship through illegal process. Secondly, a naturalized citizen in UAE who violates the law by committing crim e can be deported. Joining a foreign army is also not allowed, and can lead to renunciation of an individual’s citizenship. Citizens of UAE have rights and obligations which are part of their national constitution. Foreigners who are working within UAE are not allowed to acquire citizenship. Immigration laws in UAE have been reinforced in order to control the problem of human trafficking, and illegal immigrants. The manner in which democracy is perceived in the United Arab Emirates is quite different from the West. This is because Islamic faith is seen as a guiding principle that shapes other spheres of life. Since they value their religion, naturalized citizens are not expected to criticize it, and they are also expected to be assimilated into the Muslim culture. Non Muslims in UAE might find it challenging to cope with the culture and laws of this country since they are quite rigid and discriminatory against foreigners. Bidoun in Kuwait The Bidouns were stateless individual s who inhabited Kuwait since its independence. This people were initially considered legal citizens of Kuwait by the government. Their status differentiated them from immigrants and other stateles individuals. Their population was also included in the national statistics. The Bidouin also had identification documents. â€Å"With the exception of voting rights they received the benefits of full citizens, including subsidized housing, education, and health services† (Akramov, 2009). However, in 1986, the government came up with restrictions on immigrants and this led the cancellation of Bidoun rights. This situation aggravated after the gulf crisis that took place in 1990. During the gulf war, the Bidoun who went to Iraq for safety were not allowed back after the war. Most of the Bidoun who served in the government also lost their positions. From 1994, the Biduons were expected to pay for taxes and other services that were offered to the citizens freely. After some amendments o n immigration laws they, can now become citizens of Kuwait through the naturalization process. Conclusion The idea of citizenship is believed to have started in ancient Greece when a constitutional government was introduced in various Greece city states. From Greece, citizenship was spread to other territories. Many factors also influenced how citizenship and democracy developed. For example, the development and spread of Christianity in Rome influenced citizenship. Development of citizenship is normally classified into two phases. The first phase preceded the French Revolution, while the second one took place after the revolution. After French Revolution, there was a tremendous growth of democracy and citizenship in Europe. Citizenship is today practiced in many countries and the only difference is how it is exercised. From this discussion the rights and obligations that are offered to citizens is what determines the quality of their citizenship. Citizenship in U.S.A is well define d compared to that of Syria and Kuwait. It is the high dignity given to the Americans that makes people to crave for U.S citizenship. References Akramov, E. (2009). Dual Nationality and the Concept of Citizenship in Politics: Comparative Analysis. London: Oxford University Press. Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso. Arthur, G. (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. New York: Longman. Davis, U. (1997). Citizenship and the State: A Comparative Study of Citizenship Legislation in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon. New York: Prentice Hall. Einstein, A. (2001). The World As I See It. New York: Citadel. Hobsbawm, E. (1996). The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848. London: Vintage. Huntington, S. (2004). Who Are We: The Challenges to America’s National Identity. Washington. D.C: Simon and Schuster. Manville, P. (1990). The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens. Berkley: Princeton Univers ity Press. Romero, V. (2005). Alienated: Immigrant Rights, the Constitution, and Equality in America. New York: Wiley. Rousseau, J.-J. (1968). The Social Contract. New York: Penguin Classics. Schama, S. (1990). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage. West, T. (1979). Plato’s Apology of Socrates: An Interpretation, With a New Translation. New York: Cornell University Press. This research paper on United States Citizens was written and submitted by user Gibson Hood to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.